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Index: L
- la function: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
- lambda statement (Python): 42.3.2. Functions
- lambda statements (Python), as function arguments: 42.3.2. Functions
- last access time for files: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
- last line of a file (ed and sed), referring to with $: 32.5. Regular Expressions: The Anchor Characters ^ and $
- last modification time for files: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
- 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
- (see also timestamps)
- last operator (Perl): 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
- lastcomm command: 26.3. What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?
- LATEX: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
- Layer 3 Internet Protocol (IP): 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports
- Layer 4 protocols: 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports
- lc operator: 41.5.1. Scalars
- LDAP server for system passwords: 47.3. Securing Samba
- leave function: 4.11. Right-Side Prompts
- length command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
- lensort script: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length
- less command
- less program: 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
- 12.3. "less" is More
- 12.3. "less" is More
- -N option, numbering lines with: 12.13. Numbering Lines
- -s option for squashing extra blank lines: 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines
- PAGER environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
- piping ls command output to: 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
- piping to: 43.4. Problems Piping to a Pager
- less than (<) operator: 36.21.1. Syntax
- less than or equal to (<=) operator: 41.5.1. Scalars
- lesskey program: 12.3. "less" is More
- letter-sized pages: 45.7. Formatting Plain Text: enscript
- letters, ASCII class for: 5.14. Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes
- lexical analyzer (lex): 16.8. Looking for Closure
- lf function: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
- /lib directory: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
- libraries
- licenses
- lightweight varieties of Unix: 1.3. The Core of Unix
- limit and ulimit system calls: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
- line #: ;; unexpected error: 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
- line-by-line and search using sed, awk, or perl: 13.10. Compound Searches
- line command: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
- line commands in vi: 17.26. vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands
- line editors (see batch editing)
- line function: 35.18. read: Reading from the Keyboard
- line numbers
- line termination characters (see newlines)
- line termination in Python: 42.3.1. Indentation
- linefeeds (Unix), ASCII character for: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
- lines
- addressing for batch editing: 20.3. Line Addressing
- comparing for uniqueness: 21.20. What Is (or Isn't) Unique?
- counting with wc command: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
- deleting duplicate, Perl script, using: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length
- deleting duplicates: 22.6.1. Dealing with Repeated Lines
- deleting in Emacs: 19.1. Emacs: The Other Editor
- joining with join command: 21.19. Joining Lines with join
- macro for wrapping in vi editor: 18.13. vi Macro for Splitting Long Lines
- numbering in file printout: 12.13. Numbering Lines
- sorting by length: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length
- LINES and COLUMNS environment variables: 3.16. Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size
- lines of text retained by scrollbar: 5.12. How Many Lines to Save?
- Lingua::EN::NameParse Perl module: 22.8. Sorting a List of People by Last Name
- link count: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
- linking files: 10.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files
- 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
- creating and removing links: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
- directories, linking: 10.7. Linking Directories
- directory, links to: 10.4.2. Links to a Directory
- filenames for symbolic links, showing: 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links
- hard links: 10.4. More About Links
- hard links vs. symbolic links: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
- reasons for: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
- symbolic links: 10.4. More About Links
- linkname, ln command and: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
- links
- -links operator (find command): 9.5. Searching for Old Files
- copying: 10.12. Copying Directory Trees with cp -r
- disk space and: 15.4. Save Space with a Link
- to .exrc files: 17.5. Local Settings for vi
- to filenames: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names
- to files, inodes and: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
- hard links, finding to files: 9.24. Finding the (Hard) Links to a File
- optimizing disk space with: 15.4. Save Space with a Link
- to programs: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names
- tar -l command, printing messages about hard links: 15.7. Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree
- unlinking in Perl: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
- Linux: 1.1. What's Special About Unix?
- 1.3. The Core of Unix
- adding users to system: 49.2. When Does a User Become a User
- automount daemons and devfsd for removable media: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
- backups to a local device: 38.5. How to Make Backups to a Local Device
- bash shell: 1.6. There Are Many Shells
- color names, displaying with GNU ls command: 8.6. Color ls
- Debian Linux
- devices on PCIbus, showing: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output
- disk partitions: 44.4. Disk Partitioning
- displaying latest entries from kernel ring buffer: 12.8. How to Look at the End of a File: tail
- enabling gatewaying: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
- groups, changing primary with newgrp: 49.6. Groups and Group Ownership
- HOWTO for kernel configuration: 44.3. Basic Kernel Configuration
- HOWTO for serial consoles: 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine — Serial Consoles
- HZ constant for system time updates: 37.6. How Unix Keeps Time
- ifconfig file output: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
- info command: 2.9. The info Command
- installing software with RPM: 40.11. Finding and Installing RPM Packaged Software
- IP masquerading: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
- ipconfig and route files (2.4 kernels): 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
- listing all processes running on: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons
- loadkeys command: 5.8. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
- mounting SMB drives onto their local filesystems with smbmnt: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
- netstart, displaying routing information with: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
- nvi-1.79 editor, locking files before editing: 36.27. Shell Lockfile
- OpenSSH: 51.3. Free SSH with OpenSSH
- port, testing for: 3.13. Terminal Setup: Testing Port
- /proc filesystem: 48.9. The Linux proc Filesystem
- Python, inclusion of: 42.2. Installation and Distutils
- Red Hat and Debian, shortcut to creating periodic processes: 25.2.2. A Little Help, etc.
- Red Hat Linux
- adduser (or useradd) utility: 49.2. When Does a User Become a User
- /contrib directory, sshd.pam file: 51.5. General and Authentication Problems
- Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), support of: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
- installing chroot with anonftp-* (RPM): 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
- performance issues, shell as interpreter: 36.3. Don't Need a Shell for Your Script? Don't Use One
- /proc filesystem (in Version 6.2): 24.9. The /proc Filesystem
- single user mode, accessing: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password
- route command: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
- security, web site information on: 48.3. Keeping Up with Security Alerts
- signal 15 (termination): 23.3. Using jobs Effectively
- sound card configuration: 44.13. Dealing with Sound Cards and Other Annoying Hardware
- TCP wrappers: 48.12. TCP Wrappers
- USB devices on: 44.12. USB Configuration
- virtual consoles: 4.12. Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL
- virtual machine running Windows: 47.8.1. VMWare
- LISP programming language
- lists: 41.5.2. Arrays
- ln command: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
- lndir program: 10.7. Linking Directories
- load averages, system: 26.4. Checking System Load: uptime
- load option (xrdb): 6.8. Setting Resources with xrdb
- loadkeys command: 6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap
- local command: 29.11.3. Setting Current Shell Environment: The work Function
- local crontab entries: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
- local dictionary files: 16.1. The Unix spell Command
- local programs: 10.7. Linking Directories
- LOCAL_OPTIONS option (zsh): 29.12. Shell Function Specifics
- locate command: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
- lockfiles, creating: 36.27. Shell Lockfile
- locking files (RCS): 39.5. RCS Basics
- log command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
- log-file-monitoring programs
- log files
- CVS: 39.7. CVS Basics
- CVS, examining for conflicting changes: 39.8. More CVS
- disk space and: 15.3. Save Space with "Bit Bucket" Log Files and Mailboxes
- global alias for in zsh: 29.6. zsh Aliases
- monitoring with tail -f: 12.11. GNU tail File Following
- smb.conf, settings for: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
- LOGDIR environment variable: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
- logging in: 24.2. fork and exec
- logging out
- logging (xterm), elimination for security reasons: 5.17. The xterm Menus
- logical expressions, evaluating: 9.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
- logical operators: 36.21.1. Syntax
- login command: 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable
- .login file: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
- 3.4.1. Login Shells
- interactive C shells and: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
- SHLVL variable, resetting: 4.12. Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL
- TERM environment variable, testing: 3.11. Terminal Setup: Testing TERM
- terminal type, setting with qterm: 5.4. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm
- login shells: 3.1. What Happens When You Log In
- 3.4. Login Shells, Interactive Shells
- 3.19. Making a "Login" Shell
- bash: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
- C shell, setting up: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
- command search table, resetting for scripts: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
- killing: 24.12. Destroying Processes with kill
- Korn shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
- setup files: 3.4.1. Login Shells
- setup files, contents of: 3.5. What Goes in Shell Setup Files?
- SHELL environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
- xterm or rxvt, running on: 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts
- zsh shell, setting up: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
- login(l) command, system-wide setup: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
- logins
- disabling: 49.13. Disable logins
- external root login access: 49.10. Never Log In as root
- interactive
- procedure for terminals (non-network): 24.2. fork and exec
- remote
- root: 4.10. Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts
- shells disallowing: 3.1. What Happens When You Log In
- terminal hangs during: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
- loginsh variable (tcsh shell): 3.4.1. Login Shells
- loginshell variable, setting: 3.4.1. Login Shells
- LOGNAME environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
- logout command (C shell): 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable
- .logout file
- .logout file (C shell): 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
- logout files, creating for Bourne and Korn shells: 4.18. Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout
- logouts
- long listing (-l option): 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
- long listing, ls -l command: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
- look command: 13.14. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"
- lookfor shell script: 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?
- loopback mounts: 44.7. Loopback Mounts
- loops: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
- alias definition: 29.8. Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops
- basename and dirname used with: 36.13.2. Use with Loops
- controlling with break and continue: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
- endless: 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
- exit status of: 36.14. A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands
- for loops in Bourne-type shells, repeating commands with: 28.9.2. A for Loop
- foreach loops, repeating commands with variations: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
- if-then-else, putting in C shell aliases: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
- iterating through arrays: 41.5.2. Arrays
- parameters for: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
- in Perl scripts: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
- redirected input/output, line numbers reset in: 37.1.5. Line Numbers Reset Inside Redirected Loops
- running command and testing exit status: 35.15. Loops That Test Exit Status
- in shell functions: 29.11.2. Functions with Loops: Internet Lookup
- loosely typed language: 41.5. Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types
- lp command: 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands
- lpc commands: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc
- lpd daemon: 45.8. Printing Over a Network
- LPDEST environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
- lpq command: 24.13. Printer Queue Watcher: A Restartable Daemon Shell Script
- lpr command: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands
- lprm command: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands
- lpstat command: 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands
- lr alias: 8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files
- ls command: 1.9. Internal and External Commands
- -- color option: 8.6. Color ls
- -A option: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a
- -b option
- -c option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
- -C option (output in columns): 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
- -d option (listing directories): 8.5. The ls -d Option
- -F (tcsh built-in): 8.6. Color ls
- -i option: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
- -il option: 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find
- -l option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
- 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
- character count for files: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
- checking startup files for ownership: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
- file permissions and: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
- file permissions, listing: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World
- listing files by last modification time: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
- -lai option: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
- -lg option: 50.11. Juggling Permissions
- -q option
- -Q (quoting) option: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
- -R option (listing subdirectories): 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
- -s option: 9.14. Searching for Files by Size
- -t option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
- -u option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
- aa option: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a
- aliases for: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
- color, displaying names in: 8.6. Color ls
- filenames and: 1.13. Wildcards
- find command, using with: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
- GNU: 8.7. Some GNU ls Features
- piping output to wc command: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
- shell functions with options: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
- System V Unix, nonprinting characters and: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
- ls flag (for login shell): 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts
- -ls operator (find command): 9.13. Searching for Files by Type
- LS_COLORS environment variable: 8.6.2. Configuring It
- lt operator (Perl): 41.5.1. Scalars
- LyX editor: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
Symbols & Numbers | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
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