|
|
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) protocol is a standard for the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
This chapter describes how to configure ISO CLNS. For a complete description of the commands in this chapter, refer to Chapter 17 of the Router Products Command Reference publication. For historical background and a technical overview of ISO CLNS, see the Internetworking Technology Overview publication.
The Cisco routing software supports packet forwarding and routing for ISO CLNS on networks using a variety of data link layers: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and serial.
You can use CLNS routers on serial interfaces with HDLC, PPP, LAPB, X.25, SMDS, or Frame Relay encapsulation. To use HDLC encapsulation, you must have a router at both ends of the link. If you use X.25 encapsulation, you must manually enter the NSAP-to-X.121 mapping. The LAPB, SMDS, Frame Relay, and X.25 encapsulations interoperate with other vendors.
Cisco's CLNS implementation also is compliant with the Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) Version 2.
As part of its CLNS support, Cisco routers fully support these ISO and ANSI standards:
Both the ISO-developed IS-IS and Cisco's ISO Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (ISO-IGRP) dynamic routing protocols are supported for dynamic routing of ISO CLNS. In addition, static routing for ISO CLNS is supported.
The forwarding of ISO CLNS packets involves taking a packet in one interface and sending it out another (or the same) interface. Routing decisions always are made by looking in a routing table. If the routing table is built dynamically, the process that builds it implements a routing protocol. If the routing table is built by user configuration, the router performs static routing.
When you configure only ISO CLNS and not routing protocols, the router only makes forwarding decisions. It does not perform other routing-related functions. In such a configuration, the router compiles a table of adjacency data, but does not advertise this information. The only information that is inserted into the routing table is the network service access point (NSAP) and network entity title (NET) addresses of this router, static routes, and adjacency information.
The following is a list of the tasks associated with ISO CLNS routing. The sections that follow further delineate each of the listed tasks.
Configuration examples are found at the end of the chapter (page 17-30).
In the following section you will learn how to assign network entity titles (NETs), or addresses for areas and domains. Addressing background material is provided first, followed by a description of the net router configuration command that you use to assign these addresses. The topic of addressing includes the following sections:
Addresses in the ISO network architecture are referred to as network service access point (NSAP) addresses and network entity titles (NETs). Each node in an OSI network has one or more NETs. In addition, each node has many NSAP addresses. Each NSAP address differs from one of the NETs for that node in only the last byte (see Figure 1-1). This byte is called the n-selector. Its function is similar to the port number in other protocol suites.
Our implementation supports all NSAP address formats that are defined by ISO 8348/Ad2; however, we provide dynamic routing (ISO-IGRP or IS-IS routing) only for NSAP addresses that conform to the address constraints defined in the ISO standard for IS-IS (ISO 10589).
An NSAP address consists of two major fields: the IDP and the DSP.
The key difference between the ISO-IGRP and IS-IS NSAP addressing schemes is in the definition of area addresses. Both use the system ID for Level 1 routing. However, they differ in the way addresses are specified for area routing. An ISO-IGRP NSAP address includes three separate levels for routing: the domain, area, and, system ID. An IS-IS address includes two fields: a single continuous area field comprising the domain and area fields defined for ISO-IGRP and the system ID.
Figure 1-1 illustrates the ISO-IGRP NSAP addressing structure.
The ISO-IGRP NSAP address is divided into three parts: a domain part, an area address, and a system ID. Domain routing is performed on the domain part of the address. Area routing for a given domain uses the area address. System ID routing for a given area uses the system ID part. The NSAP address is laid out as follows:
Our ISO-IGRP routing implementation interprets the bytes from the AFI up to (but not including) the Area field in the DSP as a domain identifier. The Area field specifies the area, and the system ID specifies the system.
An IS-IS NSAP address is divided into two parts: an area address (AA) and a system ID. Level 2 routing uses the AA. Level 1 routing uses the system ID address. The NSAP address is laid out as follows:
Figure 1-2 illustrates the IS-IS NSAP addressing structure.
The IS-IS routing protocol interprets the bytes from the AFI up to (but not including) the system ID field in the DSP as an area identifier. The system ID specifies the system.
All NSAP addresses must obey the following constraints:
The following are examples of OSInet and GOSIP NSAP addresses using the ISO-IGRP implementation.
The following is the OSInet NSAP address format:
47.0004.004D.0003.0000.0C00.62E6.00
| Domain|Area| System ID| S|
The following is an example of the GOSIP NSAP address structure. This structure is mandatory for addresses allocated from the International Code Designator (ICD) 0005 addressing domain. Refer to the GOSIP document, U.S. Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP), Draft Version 2.0, April 1989, for more information.
| Domain |
47.0005.80.ffff00.0000.ffff.0004.0000.0c00.62e6.00
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
AFI IDI DFI AAI Resv RD Area System ID N-selector
Routes are entered by specifying pairs (NSAP-prefix, next-hop NET). NETs are similar in function to NSAP addresses. In the routing table, the best match means the longest NSAP prefix entry that matches the beginning of the destination NSAP address. In the following sample static routing table, Table 1-1, the next-hop NETs are listed for completeness, but are not necessary to understand the routing algorithm. Table 1-2 offers examples of how the routing entries in Table 1-1 can be applied to various NSAP addresses.
| Entry | NSAP Address Prefix | Next-Hop NET |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 47.0005.000c.0001 | 47.0005.000c.0001.0000.1234.00 |
| 2 | 47.0004 | 47.0005.000c.0002.0000.0231.00 |
| 3 | 47.0005.0003 | 47.0005.000c.0001.0000.1234.00 |
| 4 | 47.0005.000c | 47.0005.000c.0004.0000.0011.00 |
| 5 | 47.0005 | 47.0005.000c.0002.0000.0231.00 |
| Datagram Destination NSAP Address | Table Entry Number Used |
|---|---|
| 47.0005.000c.0001.0000.3456.01 | 1 |
| 47.0005.000c.0001.6789.2345.01 | 1 |
| 47.0004.1234.1234.1234.1234.01 | 2 |
| 47.0005.0003.4321.4321.4321.01 | 3 |
| 47.0005.000c.0004.5678.5678.01 | 4 |
| 47.0005.0001.0005.3456.3456.01 | 5 |
Octet boundaries must be used for the internal boundaries of NSAP addresses and NETs.
The first task you have to perform in order to enable CLNS routing is to assign addresses or NETs for your domains and areas.
First, establish domains. The domain address uniquely identifies the routing domain. All routers within a given domain are given the same domain address.
Within each routing domain, you can set up one or more areas. Determine which routers are to be assigned to which areas. The area address uniquely identifies the routing area.
A router can have one or more area addresses. The concept of multiple area addresses is described in the section that follows, "Multihoming in IS-IS Areas."
Assign domain and area addresses the same way, following the addressing rules described at the beginning of this section.
To configure network entity titles for the router, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure network entity titles for a specified router. | net network-entity-title |
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for an example of configuring NETs.
The area addressing scheme allowed in IS-IS routing supports assignment of multiple area addresses. This concept is referred to as multihoming. Multiple area addresses are assigned statically on the router with the net router configuration command. It is required that all of the addresses have the same system ID.
We currently support assignment of up to three area addresses for a given area. The number of areas allowed in a domain is unlimited.
Multihoming provides a mechanism for smoothly migrating network addresses:
A router can dynamically learn about any adjacent router. As part of this process, the routers inform each other of their area addresses. If two routers share at least one area address, the set of area addresses of the two routers are merged. The merged set cannot contain more than three addresses. If there are more than three, the three addresses with the lowest numerical values are kept, and all others are dropped.
To configure multiple area addresses statically, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure multiple area addresses statically. | net network-entity-title |
You must assign static addresses if you have configured the router to support ISO CLNS but you are not using a routing protocol.The global use of the clns net command is discussed in this section. Refer to the section "Configure Miscellaneous Features" later in this chapter for a discussion of its use as an interface configuration command.
A CLNP packet sent to any of the defined NSAP addresses or NETs will be received by the router. The router chooses the NET to use when it sends a packet with the following algorithm:
To assign an address to the router if you are not dynamically routing CLNS packets, perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Assign an address to the router when the router is not configured to dynamically route CLNS packets using ISO-IGRP or IS-IS. | clns net {net-address | name} |
Conceptually, each end system (ES) lives in one area. It discovers the nearest intermediate system (IS) router by listening to ES-IS packets. Each ES must be able to communicate directly with an IS in its area.
When an ES wants to communicate with another ES, it sends the packet to any IS on the same medium. The IS looks up the destination NSAP address and forwards the packet along the best route. If the destination NSAP address is for an ES in another area, the Level 1 IS sends the packet to the nearest Level 2 IS. The Level 2 IS forwards the packet along the best path for the destination area until it gets to a Level 2 IS that is in the destination area. This IS then forwards the packet along the best path inside the area until it is delivered to the destination ES.
End systems need to know how to get to a Level 1 IS for their area, and Level 1 ISs need to know all of the ESs that are directly reachable through each of their interfaces. To provide this information, the routers support the ES-IS protocol. A router dynamically discovers all ESs running the ES-IS protocol. ESs that are not running the ES-IS protocol must be statically configured.
It is sometimes desirable for a router to have a neighbor entry statically configured rather than learned through ES-IS, ISO-IGRP, or IS-IS.
Perform the following tasks in interface configuration mode, as needed, to statically enter mapping information between the NSAP protocol addresses and the subnetwork points of attachment (SNPAs) addresses for end systems or intermediate systems:
If there are systems on the Ethernet that do not use ES-IS, or if X.25 is being used and no dynamic routing protocol is running over the X.25 network, you specify the NSAP/NET (protocol address) to SNPA (media address) mappings by performing the following tasks in interface configuration mode:
If you have configured interfaces for ISO-IGRP or IS-IS, the ES-IS routing software automatically turns ES-IS on for those interfaces.
You can define a name-to-NSAP address mapping. This name can then be used in place of typing the long set of numbers associated with an NSAP address.
To define a name-to-NSAP address mapping perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Define a name-to-NSAP address mapping. | clns host name nsap |
The assigned NSAP name is displayed, where applicable, in show and debug EXEC commands.
There are some effects and requirements associated with using names to represent NETs and NSAP addresses, however; they include the following:
The commands that are affected by these requirements include:
If your router has both ISO CLNS and IP enabled, you can use the Domain Name System (DNS) to query ISO CLNS addresses by using the NSAP address type, as documented in RFC 1348. This feature is useful for the ISO CLNS ping EXEC command and when making Telnet connections. This feature is enabled by default.
To enable or disable DNS queries for ISO CLNS addresses, perform the following tasks in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Allow Domain Name System (DNS) queries for CLNS addresses. | ip domain-lookup nsap |
| Disable DNS queries for CLNS addresses. | no ip domain-lookup nsap |
The basic function of a router is to forward packets to the proper destination. All routers do this by looking up the destination address in a table. The tables can be built either dynamically or statically. If you are configuring all of the entries in the table yourself, you are using static routing. If you have a routing process building the tables, you are using dynamic routing. It is possible, and sometimes necessary, to use both static and dynamic routing simultaneously.
Static routing is used when it is not possible or desirable to use dynamic routing. The following are some instances of when you would use static routing:
We support two dynamic routing protocols for CLNP networks:
Both routing protocols support the concept of areas. Within an area, all routers know how to reach all of the station IDs. Between areas, routers know how to reach the proper area.
IS-IS supports two levels of routing: station routing (within an area) and area routing (between areas). ISO-IGRP supports three levels of routing: station routing, area routing, and interdomain routing. Routing across domains (interdomain routing) can be done either statically or dynamically with ISO-IGRP.
Some intermediate systems keep track of how to communicate with all of the end systems in their areas and thereby function as Level 1 routers (also referred to as local routers). Other intermediate systems keep track of how to communicate with other areas in the domain, functioning as Level 2 routers (sometimes referred to as area routers). Our routers are always Level 1 and Level 2 routers when routing ISO-IGRP; they can be configured to be Level 1 only, Level 2 only, or both Level 1 and Level 2 routers when routing IS-IS.
End systems communicate with intermediate systems using the ES-IS protocol. Level 1 and Level 2 intermediate systems communicate with each other using either ISO IS-IS or our ISO-IGRP protocol.
This section describes the tasks associated with each routing protocol. When dynamically routing, you can choose either ISO-IGRP or IS-IS, or you can route both routing protocols at the same time.
You do not need to explicitly specify a routing process to use static routing facilities. If you choose static routing, the configuration process begins with enabling CLNS routing on the router. CLNS routing is enabled by default when you configure either of the routing protocols.
CLNS static routing is configured when you do the following:
Step 1 Configure CLNS on the router
Step 2 Assign a static net address for the router
Step 3 Enable ISO CLNS for each interface
Step 4 Enter a specific static route
Each of these steps is described in the following sections.
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for an example of configuring static routes.
To configure CLNS on the router, perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure CLNS on the router. | clns routing |
If you have configured a router to support ISO CLNS, but you have not configured it to dynamically route CLNS packets using ISO-IGRP or IS-IS, then you must assign an address to the router.
A CLNP packet sent to any of the defined NSAP addresses or NETs will be received by the router. The router chooses the NET to use when it sends a packet with the following algorithm:
To assign an address to the router, perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Assign an address to the router when the router is not configured to dynamically route CLNS packets using ISO-IGRP or IS-IS. | clns net {net-address | name} |
You also must enable ISO CLNS for each interface. This is done automatically when you configure IS-IS or ISO-IGRP routing on an interface; however, if you do not intend to perform any dynamic routing on an interface but intend to pass ISO CLNS packet traffic to end systems, you must enable CLNS yourself.
Enable ISO CLNS when you want to pass ISO CLNS packet traffic to end systems but do not want to perform any dynamic routing on an interface. Perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Enable ISO CLNS for each interface. | clns enable |
You can enter a specific static route and apply it globally even when you are dynamically routing. NSAP addresses that start with the NSAP prefix you specify are forwarded to the next-hop node.
To apply a specific static route globally, perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Enter a specific static route. | clns route nsap-prefix {next-hop-net | name} |
You also can perform the following tasks that use variations of the clns route global configuration command:
The following list shows how to perform each of these tasks. Perform these tasks in global configuration mode:
CLNS routing is enabled by default on the router when you configure ISO-IGRP. All you need to do to specify an ISO-IGRP routing process is to enable the ISO-IGRP routing process, identify the address for the router, and specify the interfaces that are to route ISO-IGRP. Optionally, you can set a level for your routing updates when you configure the interfaces. You can specify up to ten ISO-IGRP processes.
To configure ISO-IGRP dynamic routing, perform the following tasks in the order listed:
Although IS-IS allows you to configure multiple NETs, ISO-IGRP allows only one NET per process.
You can configure an interface to advertise Level 2 information only. This option reduces the amount of router-to-router traffic by telling the router to send out only Level 2 routing updates on certain interfaces. Level 1 information is not passed on the interfaces for which the Level 2 option is set.
The additional tasks that follow allow you to customize ISO-IGRP.
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for examples of configuring dynamic routing.
You can configure the following ISO-IGRP parameters:
You have the option of altering the default behavior of ISO-IGRP routing and metric computations. This allows, for example, tuning of system behavior to allow for transmissions via satellite. Although ISO-IGRP metric defaults were carefully selected to provide excellent operation in most networks, you can adjust the metric.
You can use different metrics for the ISO-IGRP routing protocol on CLNS. By performing the following task, you can configure the metric constants used in the ISO-IGRP composite metric calculation of reliability and load. Perform this task in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Adjust the ISO-IGRP metric. | metric weights qos k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 |
Two additional ISO-IGRP metrics can be configured. These are the bandwidth and delay associated with an interface. Refer to Chapter 6 of the Router Products Command Reference publication for details about the bandwidth and delay interface configuration commands used to set these metrics, and to Chapter 6 of this manual for configuration information.
The basic timing parameters for ISO-IGRP are adjustable. Because the ISO-IGRP routing protocol executes a distributed, asynchronous routing algorithm, it is important that these timers be the same for all routers in the network.
To adjust ISO-IGRP timing parameters, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Adjust the ISO-IGRP timers. | timers basic update-interval holddown-interval invalid-interval |
Split horizon blocks information about routes from being advertised out the interface from which that information originated. This features usually optimizes communication among multiple routers, particularly when links are broken.
To either enable or disable split horizon for ISO-IGRP updates, perform the following tasks in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Enable split horizon for ISO-IGRP updates. | clns split-horizon |
| Disable split horizon for ISO-IGRP updates. | no clns split-horizon |
The default for all LAN interfaces is for split horizon to be enabled; the default for WAN interfaces on X.25, Frame Relay, or SMDS networks is for split horizon to be disabled.
You can configure a router to do interdomain dynamic routing by putting it into two domains and configuring it to redistribute the routing information between the domains. Routers configured this way are referred to as border routers. If you have a router that is in two routing domains, you may want to redistribute routing information between the two domains.
Also, you can conditionally control the redistribution of routes between routing domains by defining route maps between the two domains. Route maps allow you to use tags in routes to influence route redistribution. These methods of specifying route redistribution are listed in the following tables.
Static routes by default are redistributed into ISO-IGRP routing domains.
Perform the following tasks in router configuration mode:
Perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Define any route maps needed to control redistribution. | route-map map-tag {permit | deny} sequence-number |
When multiple routing processes are running in the same router for CLNS, it is possible for the same route to be advertised by more than one routing process. The router always picks the route whose routing protocol has the lowest administrative distance.The lower the value of the distance, the more preferred the route.
Default administrative distances are already set. However, if you need to change an administrative distance for a route, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Specify preferred routes by setting the lowest administrative distance. | distance value |
By default, the following administrative distances are assigned:
If you want an ISO-IGRP prefix route to override a static route, you must set the distance for the routing process to be lower than 10.
Perform the tasks in this section to configure IS-IS dynamic routing. These tasks are all required and should be performed in the order listed.
Step 1 Enable IS-IS
Step 2 Configure NETs for the routing process
Step 3 Specify the interfaces that should be actively routing IS-IS
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for examples of configuring dynamic routing.
CLNS routing is enabled by default on the router when you configure IS-IS dynamic routing. All you need to do to specify an IS-IS routing process is to enable the process, identify the address for the router, and specify the interfaces that are to route IS-IS. You can specify only one IS-IS process per router. Only one IS-IS process is allowed whether you run it in integrated mode, ISO CLNS only, or IP only. These steps are listed in the following three tables.
To configure IS-IS dynamic routing, perform the following tasks in the order listed:
For IS-IS, multiple NETs per router are allowed, with a maximum of three.
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for examples of configuring IS-IS routing.
Our IS-IS implementation allows you to customize certain interface-specific IS-IS parameters. You can perform the following optional tasks:
You are not required to alter any of these parameters, but some interface parameters must be consistent across all routers in an attached network. Therefore, be sure that if you do configure any of these parameters, the configurations for all routers on the network have compatible values.
You can configure a cost for a specified interface. The default metric is used as a value for the IS-IS metric. This is the value assigned when there is no QOS (quality of service) routing performed. The only metric that is supported by the router and that you can configure is the default-metric, which you can configure for Level 1 and/or Level 2 routing.
To configure the link state metric, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the metric (or cost) for the specified interface. | isis metric default-metric delay-metric expense-metric error-metric {level-1 | level-2} |
You can specify the length of time in seconds between Hello packets that the router sends on the interface.
To set the advertised Hello interval, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Specify the length of time, in seconds, between Hello packets the router sends on the specified interface. | isis hello-interval seconds {level-1 | level-2} |
The Hello interval can be configured independently for Level 1 and Level 2, except on serial point-to-point interfaces. (Because there is only a single type of Hello packet sent on serial links, it is independent of Level 1 or Level 2.) Specify an optional level for X.25, SMDS, and Frame Relay multiaccess networks.
Complete Sequence Number PDUs (CSNPs) are sent by the designated router to maintain database synchronization.
You can configure the IS-IS CSNP interval for the interface by performing the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the IS-IS CSNP interval for the specified interface. | isis csnp-interval seconds {level-1 | level-2} |
This feature does not apply to serial point-to-point interfaces. It does apply to WAN connections if the WAN is viewed as a multiaccess meshed network.
You can configure the number of seconds between retransmission of IS-IS link state PDUs (LSPs) for point-to-point links.
To set the retransmission level, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the number of seconds between retransmission of IS-IS link state PDUs (LSPs) for point-to-point links. | isis retransmit-interval seconds |
The value you specify should be an integer greater than the expected round-trip delay between any two routers on the attached network. The setting of this parameter should be conservative, or needless retransmission will result. The value should be larger for serial lines and virtual links.
You can configure the priority to use for designated router election. Priorities can be configured for Level 1 and Level 2 individually.
To configure the priority to use for designated router election, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the priority to use for designated router election. | isis priority value {level-1 | level-2} |
You can specify adjacency levels on a specified interface.
To configure the adjacency for neighbors on the specified interface, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the type of adjacency desired for neighbors on the specified interface (specify interface circuit type). | isis circuit-type {level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2-only} |
If you specify Level 1, a Level 1 adjacency may be established if there is at least one area address common to both this system and its neighbors.
If you specify both Level 1 and Level 2, a Level 1 and 2 adjacency is established if the neighbor is also configured as level-1-2 and there is at least one area in common. If there is no area in common, a Level 2 adjacency is established. This is the default value.
If you specify Level 2, a Level 2 adjacency is established.
Note that it is seldom necessary to configure an interface as Level 1 only or Level 2 only--the protocols will determine the adjacency type automatically.
You can assign different passwords for different routing levels. By default, authentication is disabled. Specifying Level 1 or Level 2 disables the password only for Level 1 or Level 2 routing, respectively. If you do not specify a level, the default is Level 1.
To configure an authentication password for an interface, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the authentication password for an interface. | isis password password {level-1 | level-2} |
You can configure the following IS-IS parameters:
If you have a router that is in two routing domains, you might want to redistribute routing information between the two domains. First, you specify the destination routing protocol, then you define the routing protocol that is to be redistributed into the destination routing protocol.
Redistribution only occurs for Level 2 routing.
You also can conditionally control the redistribution of routes between routing domains by defining route maps between them.
Additionally, you can cause the specified routing process to advertise static CLNS routes. Static routes are always redistributed into IS-IS unless you explicitly disable this feature.
The methods of specifying route redistribution are listed in the following tables.
Perform the following tasks in router configuration mode:
Perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Define any route maps needed to control redistribution. | route-map map-tag {permit | deny} sequence-number |
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for examples of configuring route maps.
When multiple routing processes are running in the same router for CLNS, it is possible for the same route to be advertised by more than one routing process. The router always picks the route whose routing protocol has the lowest administrative distance.The lower the value of the distance, the more preferred the route.
Default administrative distances are already set. However, if you need to change an administrative distance for a route, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Specify preferred routes by setting the lowest administrative distance. | distance value [clns] |
By default the following administrative distances are assigned:
If you want an IS-IS prefix route to override a static route, you must set the distance for the routing process to be lower than 10.
You can configure the router to act as a Level 1 (intra-area) router, as both a Level 1 router and a Level 2 (interarea) router, or as an interarea router only.
To configure the IS-IS level, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the IS-IS level at which the router is to operate. | is-type {level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2-only} |
Note that it is seldom necessary to configure the IS type because the IS-IS protocol will automatically establish this.
You can assign passwords to areas and domains. An area password is inserted in Level 1 (station router level) LSPs, CSNPs, and Partial Sequence Number PDUs (PSNPs). A routing domain authentication password is inserted in Level 2 (the area router level) LSP, CSNP, and PSNP PDUs.
To configure area or domain passwords, perform the following tasks in router configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Configure the area authentication password. | area-password password |
| Configure the routing domain authentication password. | domain-password password |
You can configure ES-IS parameters for host-router communication. In general, you should leave these parameters at their default values.
When configuring an ES-IS router, be aware of the following:
ISs and ESs periodically send out Hellos to advertise their availability. The frequency of these Hellos can be configured.
The recipient of a Hello creates an adjacency entry for the system that sent the Hello. If the next Hello is not received within the interval specified, the adjacency times out and the adjacent node is considered unreachable.
A default rate has been set for Hello packets, however, you can change the default by performing the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Specify the rate at which ESH and ISH packets are sent. | clns configuration-time seconds |
A default rate has been set for packet validity, however, you can change the default by performing the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Allow the sender of an ESH or ISH packet to specify the length of time you consider the information in these packets to be valid. | clns holding-time seconds |
A default rate has been set for the ES Configuration Timer (ESCT) option; however, you can change the default by performing the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Specify how often the end system should transmit ES Hello packet PDUs. | clns esct-time seconds |
You can build powerful CLNS filter expressions, or access lists, that can be used to control either the forwarding of frames through router interfaces or the establishment of adjacencies with any combination of End System (ES) or Intermediate System (IS) neighbors, ISO-IGRP neighbors, or IS-IS neighbors, or you can filter routes through them.
CLNS filter expressions are complex logical combinations of CLNS filter sets. CLNS filter sets are lists of address templates against which CLNS addresses are matched. Address templates are CLNS address patterns that are either simple CLNS addresses that match just one address, or match multiple CLNS addresses through the use of wildcard characters, prefixes, and suffixes. Frequently used address templates can be given aliases for easier reference.
Perform any of the following tasks to establish CLNS filters.
Perform these tasks in global configuration mode:
Perform the following tasks in interface configuration mode:
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for an example of configuring CLNS filters.
You can use CLNS routers on serial interfaces with HDLC, PPP, LAPB, X.25, Frame Relay, or SMDS encapsulation. To use HDLC encapsulation, you must have a router at both ends of the link. If you use X.25 encapsulation, and if IS-IS or ISO-IGRP is not used on an interface, you must manually enter the NSAP-to-X.121 mapping. The LAPB, SMDS, Frame Relay, and X.25 encapsulations interoperate with other vendors.
Both ISO-IGRP and IS-IS can be configured over WANs.
X.25 is not a broadcast medium; therefore, ES-IS generally is not used to automatically advertise and record NSAP/NET (protocol address) to subnetwork points of attachment (SNPA) (media address) mappings. (With X.25, the SNPAs are the X.25 network addresses (X.121 addresses). These are usually assigned by the X.25 network provider.) If you use static routing, you must configure the NSAP-to-X.121 mapping.
Configuring a serial line to use CLNS over X.25 requires configuring the general X.25 information and the CLNS-specific information. First, configure the general X.25 information. Then, statically enter the mapping information.
You can specify nondefault packet and window size, reverse charge information, and so on. The X.25 facilities information that can be specified is exactly the same as in the x25 map interface configuration command described in Chapter 7, "Configuring X.25."
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for an example of configuring CLNS over X.25.
This section describes the tasks to configure miscellaneous features of an ISO CLNS network.
The ISO CLNS routing software ignores the Record Route option, the Source Route option, and the QOS (quality of service) option other than congestion experienced. The security option causes a packet to be rejected with a bad option indication.
You can assign an NSAP address for a specific interface using the clns net command as an interface configuration command. This allows the router to advertise different addresses on each interface. This is useful if you are doing static routing and need to control the source NET used by the router on each interface.
To assign an NSAP address for a specified interface, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Assign an NSAP address for a specific interface. | clns net {nsap-address | name} |
DECnet Phase V cluster aliasing allows multiple systems to advertise the same system ID in end-system Hello messages. The router does this by caching multiple ES adjacencies with the same NSAP address, but different SNPA addresses. When a packet is destined to the common NSAP address, the router splits the packet loads among the different SNPA addresses. A router that supports this capability forwards traffic to each system. You can do this on a per-interface basis.
To configure cluster aliases, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Allow multiple systems to advertise the same system ID in end-system Hello messages on a per-interface basis. | clns cluster-alias |
If DECnet Phase V cluster aliases are disabled on an interface, ES Hello packet information is used to replace any existing adjacency information for the NSAP address. Otherwise, an additional adjacency (with a different SNPA) is created for the same NSAP address.
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for an example of configuring DECnet OSI cluster aliases.
If you have an old DECnet implementation of ES-IS in which the NSAP address advertised in an ISH does not have the N-selector byte present, you may want to configure the router to allow ISHs sent and received to ignore the N-selector byte. The N-selector byte is the last byte of the NSAP address.
To enable DEC-compatible mode, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Allow ISHs sent and received to ignore the N-selector byte. | clns dec-compatible |
By default, the router will discard any packets it sees as set with security options. To disable this behavior, that is, to allow such packets to pass through, you can configure the following feature.
Perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Allow the router to accept any packets it sees as set with security options. | clns security pass-through |
Generally, you do not need to change the default settings for CLNS packet switching, but there are some modifications you can make when you decide to make changes in your network's performance. This section describes the following ISO CLNS parameters that you can change:
See the "ISO CLNS Configuration Examples" section at the end of this chapter for examples of configuring various performance parameters.
All interfaces have a default maximum packet size. You can, however, set the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the packets sent on the interface to reduce fragmentation. The minimum value is 512; the default and maximum packet size depends on the interface type.
Changing the MTU value with the mtu interface configuration command can affect the CLNS MTU value. If the CLNS MTU is at its maximum given the interface MTU, then the CLNS MTU will change with the interface MTU. However, the reverse is not true: changing the CLNS MTU value has no effect on the value for the mtu interface configuration command.
To set the MTU packet size for a specified interface, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Set the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the packets sent on the interface. | clns mtu size |
The CTR card does not support the switching of frames larger than 4472 bytes. Interoperability problems may occur if CTR cards are intermixed with other Token Ring cards on the same network. These problems can be minimized by lowering the CLNS maximum packet sizes (MTUs) to be the same on all devices on the network, using the clns mtu interface command.
When the ISO CLNS routing software sources a CLNS packet, by default it generates checksums. You can disable this function.
Perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Disable checksum generation. | no clns checksum |
Fast switching through the cache is enabled by default for all supported interfaces. You can disable fast switching by performing the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Disable fast switching. | no clns route-cache |
Fast switching is reenabled by configuring the clns route-cache command.
If a router configured for CLNS experiences congestion, it sets the congestion experienced bit. You can set the congestion threshold on a per-interface basis. By setting this threshold, you cause the system to set the congestion-experienced bit if the output queue has more than the specified number of packets in it.
To set the congestion threshold, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Set the congestion threshold. | clns congestion-threshold number |
When a CLNS packet is received, the routing software looks in the routing table for the next hop. If it does not find one, the packet is discarded and an error Protocol Data Unit (ERPDU) may be sent.
You can set an interval between ERPDUs. Doing so reduces bandwidth if this feature is disabled. When you determine the minimum interval between ERPDUs, the router does not send ERPDUs more frequently than one per interface per ten milliseconds.
To transmit error PDUs, perform the following tasks in interface configuration mode:
If a packet is sent out the same interface it came in on, a redirect PDU (RDPDU) also can be sent to the sender of the packet. You can control RDPDUs in the following ways:
To control RDPDUs, perform either of the following tasks in interface configuration mode:
To configure parameters for packets sourced by a specified router, perform either of the tasks in the following two tables.
Perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Globally specify in seconds the initial lifetime for locally generated packets for the specified router. | clns packet-lifetime time-to-live |
Perform the following task in global configuration mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Specify whether to request error PDUs on packets sourced by the router. | clns want-erpdu |
It is a good idea to set the packet lifetime low in an internetwork that has frequent loops.
Use the EXEC commands described in this section to monitor and maintain the ISO CLNS caches, tables, and databases.
This section provides configuration examples of both intra- and interdomain static and dynamic routing using static, ISO-IGRP, and IS-IS routing techniques. The following examples are included:
The following are simple examples of configuring NETs for both ISO-IGRP and IS-IS.
The following example illustrates specifying an NET:
router iso-igrp Finance
net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0c11.1111.00
The following example illustrates using a name for an NET:
clns host NAME 39.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00
!
router iso-igrp Marketing
net NAME
!
The use of this net router configuration command configures the system-id, area address, and domain address. Only a single net per routing process is allowed.
router iso-igrp local
net 49.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00
The following example illustrates specifying a single NET:
router isis Pieinthesky
net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0c11.1111.00
The following example illustrates using a name for an NET:
clns host NAME 39.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00
!
router isis
net NAME
!
The following example illustrates the assignment of three separate area addresses for a single router using net commands. Traffic received that includes an area address of 47.0004.004d.0001, 47.0004.004d.0002, or 47.0004.004d.0003, and that has the same system ID, is forwarded to this router.
router isis eng-area1
! | IS-IS Area | System ID |S |
net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0C00.1111.00
net 47.0004.004d.0002.0000.0C00.1111.00
net 47.0004.004d.0003.0000.0C00.1111.00
Configuring FDDI, Ethernets, Token Rings, and serial lines for CLNS can be as simple as just enabling CLNS on the interfaces. This is all that is ever required on serial lines using HDLC encapsulation. If all systems on an Ethernet or Token Ring support ISO 9542 ES-IS, then nothing else is required.
In the following example, an Ethernet and a serial line can be configured as follows:
!
! configure the following network entity title for the routing process
clns net 47.0004.004d.0055.0000.0C00.BF3B.00
! enables clns packets to be routed
clns routing
! pass ISO CLNS traffic on ethernet 0 to end systems without routing
interface ethernet 0
clns enable
interface serial 0
! pass ISO CLNS traffic on serial 0 to end systems without routing
clns enable
! creates an interface static route
clns route 47.0004.004d.0099 serial 0
clns route 47.0005 serial 0
!
The following is a more complete example of CLNS static routing on a system with two Ethernet interfaces. After configuring routing, you define an NET and enable CLNS on the Ethernet 0 and Ethernet 1 interfaces. You must then define an ES neighbor and define a static route with the clns route global configuration command, as shown. In this situation, there is an ES on Ethernet 1 that does not support ES-IS. Figure 1-3 illustrates this network.
clns host foo 39.0001.1111.1111.1111.00
clns host bar 39.0002.2222.2222.2222.00
! assign a static address for the router
clns net foo
! enables CLNS packets to be routed
clns routing
!
interface Ethernet 0
! pass ISO CLNS packet traffic to end systems without routing them
clns enable
!
interface Ethernet 1
! pass ISO CLNS packet traffic to end systems without routing them
clns enable
! specify end system for static routing
clns es-neighbor bar 0000.0C00.62e7
! create an interface-static route to bar for packets with the following NSAP address
clns route 47.0004.000c bar
Figure 1-4 and the configurations that follow demonstrate how to use static routing inside of a domain. Imagine a company with branch offices in Detroit and Chicago, connected with an X.25 link. These offices are both in the domain named Sales.
The following example shows one way to configure the router in Chicago:
! defines the name chicago to be used in place of the following NSAP
clns host chicago 47.0004.0050.0001.0000.0c00.243b.00
! defines the name detroit to be used in place of the following NSAP
clns host detroit 47.0004.0050.0002.0000.0c00.1e12.00
! enable routing of CLNS packets
clns routing
router iso-igrp sales
! configure net chicago, as defined above
net chicago
!
interface ethernet 0
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag sales
clns router iso-igrp sales
!
interface serial 0
! set the interface up as a DTE with X.25 encapsulation
encapsulation x25
x25 address 1111
x25 nvc 4
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag sales
clns router iso-igrp sales
! define a static mapping between Detroit's nsap and its X.121 address
x25 map clns 2222 broadcast
This configuration brings up an X.25 virtual circuit between the router in Chicago and the router in Detroit. Routing updates will be sent across this link. This implies that the virtual circuit could be up continuously.
If the Chicago office should grow to contain multiple routers, it would be appropriate for each of those routers to know how to get to Detroit. Add the following command to redistribute information between routers in Chicago:
router iso-igrp sales
redistribute static
Figure 1-5 and the example configurations that follow illustrate how to configure two routers that distribute information across domains. In this example, Router A (in domain Orion) and Router B (in domain Pleiades) communicate across a serial link.
The following configuration shows how to configure Router A for static interdomain routing:
! defining tag orion for net 47.0006.0200.0100.0102.0304.0506.00
router iso-igrp orion
! configure the following network entity title for the routing process
net 47.0006.0200.0100.0102.0304.0506.00
! define the tag bar to be used in place of Router B's NSAP
clns host bar 47.0007.0200.0200.1112.1314.1516.00
!
interface ethernet 0
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag orion
clns router iso-igrp orion
!
interface serial 1
! pass ISO CLNS traffic to end systems without routing
clns enable
! configure a static route to Router B
clns route 39.0001 bar
The following configuration shows how to configure Router B for static interdomain routing:
router iso-igrp pleiades
! configure the following network entity title for the routing process
net 47.0007.0200.0200.1112.1314.1516.00
! define the name foo to be used in place of Router A's NSAP
clns host foo 47.0006.0200.0100.0001.0102.0304.0506.00
!
interface ethernet 0
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag pleiades
clns router iso-igrp pleiades
!
interface serial 0
! pass ISO CLNS traffic to end systems without routing
clns enable
! pass packets bound for foo in domain 47.0006.0200 through serial 0
clns route 47.0006.0200 foo
CLNS routing updates will not be sent on the serial link; however, CLNS packets will be sent and received over the serial link.
Figure 1-6 and the example configuration that follows illustrate how to configure dynamic routing within a routing domain. The router can exist in one or more areas within the domain. The router named Router A exists in a single area.
! enable clns packets to be routed
clns routing
! define a tag castor for the routing process
router iso-igrp castor
! configure the following net for the process in area 2, domain 47.0004.004d
net 47.0004.004d.0002.0000.0C00.0506.00
!
interface Ethernet 0
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag castor
clns router iso-igrp castor
!
interface Ethernet 1
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag castor
clns router iso-igrp castor
!
interface Serial 0
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag castor
clns router iso-igrp castor
Figure 1-7 and the example configuration that follows illustrate how to configure a router named Router A that exists in two areas.
! enable routing of clns packets
clns routing
! define a tag orion for the routing process
router iso-igrp orion
! configure the following net for the process in area 1, domain 47.0004.004d
net 47.0004.004d.0001.212223242526.00
!
interface ethernet 0
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag orion
clns router iso-igrp orion
!
interface ethernet 1
! specify iso-igrp routing using the previously specified tag orion
clns router iso-igrp orion
The example that follows illustrates how to configure a router with overlapping areas:
! enable routing of clns packets
clns routing
! define a tag capricorn for the routing process
router iso-igrp capricorn
! configure the following NET for the process in area 3, domain 47.0004.004d
net 47.0004.004d.0003.0000.0C00.0508.00
! define a tag cancer for the routing process
router iso-igrp cancer
! configure the following NET for the process in area 3, domain 47.0004.004d
net 47.0004.004d.0004.0000.0C00.0506.00
!
interface ethernet 0
! specify iso-igrp routing on interface ethernet 0 using the tag capricorn
clns router iso-igrp capricorn
!
interface ethernet 1
! specify iso-igrp routing on interface ethernet 1 using the tag capricorn
clns router iso-igrp capricorn
! specify iso-igrp routing on interface ethernet 1 using the tag cancer
clns router iso-igrp cancer
!
interface ethernet 2
! specify iso-igrp routing on interface ethernet 2 using the tag cancer
clns router iso-igrp cancer
Figure 1-8 and the configurations that follow illustrate how to configure three domains that are to be transparently connected.
The following configuration shows how to configure Router Chicago for dynamic interdomain routing:
! enable routing of clns packets
clns routing
! define a tag A for the routing process
router iso-igrp A
! configure the following NET for the process in area 2, domain 47.0007.0200
net 47.0007.0200.0002.0102.0104.0506.00
! redistribute iso-igrp routing information throughout domain A
redistribute iso-igrp B
! define a tag B for the routing process
router iso-igrp B
! configure the following NET for the process in area 3, domain 47.0006.0200
net 47.0006.0200.0003.0102.0104.0506.00
! redistribute iso-igrp routing information throughout domain B
redistribute iso-igrp A
!
interface ethernet 0
! specify iso-igrp routing with the tag A
clns router iso-igrp A
!
interface serial 0
! specify iso-igrp routing with the tag B
clns router iso-igrp B
The following configuration shows how to configure Router Detroit for dynamic interdomain routing. Comment lines have been eliminated from this example to avoid redundancy.
clns routing
router iso-igrp B
net 47.0006.0200.0004.0102.0104.0506.00
redistribute iso-igrp C
router iso-igrp C
net 47.0008.0200.0005.0102.01040.506.00
redistribute iso-igrp B
interface serial 0
clns router iso-igrp B
interface serial 1
clns router iso-igrp C
Chicago injects a prefix route for domain A into domain B. Domain B injects this prefix route and a prefix route for domain B into domain C.
You also can configure a border router between domain A and domain C.
The examples that follow illustrate the basic syntax and configuration command sequence for IS-IS routing.
The following example illustrates using the IS-IS protocol to configure a single area address for Level 1 and Level 2 routing:
! enable routing of clns packets
clns routing
! route dynamically using the is-is protocol
router isis
! configure the following NET for the process in area 47.0004.004d.0001
net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00
!
interface ethernet 0
! enable is-is routing on ethernet 0
clns router isis
!
interface ethernet 1
! enable is-is routing on ethernet 1
clns router isis
!
interface serial 0
! enable is-is routing on serial 0
clns router isis
The following example illustrates a similar configuration, featuring a single area address being used for specification of Level 1 and Level 2 routing. However, in this case, interface Serial 0 is configured for Level 2 routing only. Most comment lines have been eliminated from this example to avoid redundancy.
clns routing
router isis
net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00
interface ethernet 0
clns router isis
interface ethernet 1
clns router isis
interface serial 0
clns router isis
! configure a level 2 adjacency only for interface serial 0
isis circuit-type level-2-only
The following example illustrates an OSI configuration example. In this example, IS-IS runs with two area addresses, metrics tailored, and different circuit types specified for each interface. Most comment lines have been eliminated from this example to avoid redundancy.
clns routing
! enable is-is routing in area 1
router isis area1
! Router is in areas 47.0004.004d.0001 and 47.0004.004d.0011
net 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0c11.1111.00
net 47.0004.004d.0011.0000.0c11.1111.00
! enable the router to operate as a station router and an interarea router
is-type level-1-2
interface Ethernet 0
clns router isis area1
! specify a cost of 5 for the level-1 routes
isis metric 5 level-1
! establish a level-1 adjacency
isis circuit-type level-1
interface Ethernet 1
clns router isis area1
isis metric 2 level-2
isis circuit-type level-2-only
interface serial 0
clns router isis area1
isis circuit-type level-1-2
! set the priority for serial 0 to 3 for a level-1 adjacency
isis priority 3 level-1
isis priority 1 level-2
The following example illustrates route redistribution between IS-IS and ISO-IGRP domains. In this case, the IS-IS domain is on interface Ethernet 0; the ISO-IGRP domain is on interface Serial 0. The IS-IS routing process is assigned a null tag; the ISO-IGRP routing process is assigned a tag of remote-domain. Most comment lines have been eliminated from this example to avoid redundancy.
router isis
net 39.0001.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00
! redistribute iso-igrp routing information throughout remote-domain
redistribute iso-igrp remote-domain
router iso-igrp remote-domain
net 39.0002.0001.0000.0c00.1111.00
! redistribute is-is routing information
redistribute isis
interface ethernet 0
clns router isis
interface serial 0
clns router iso-igrp remote
The following two examples show how to configure a router in two areas. The first example configures ISO-IGRP; the second configures IS-IS.
In the following example, the router is in domain 49.0001 and has a system ID of aaaa.aaaa.aaaa. The router is in two areas: 31 and 40 (decimal). Figure 1-9 illustrates this configuration.
clns routing
router iso-igrp test-proc1
! 001F in the following net is the hex value for area 31
net 49.0001.001F.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.00
router iso-igrp test-proc2
! 0028 in the following net is the hex value for area 40
net 49.0001.0028.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.00
interface ethernet 1
clns router iso-igrp test-proc1
interface s2
clns router iso-igrp test-proc1
interface ethernet 2
clns router iso-igrp test-proc2
To run IS-IS instead of ISO-IGRP, use this configuration. The illustration in Figure 1-9 still applies. Interface Ethernet 2 is configured for IS-IS routing and is assigned the tag of test-proc2.
clns routing
router iso-igrp test-proc1
net 49.0002.0002.bbbb.bbbb.bbbb.00
router isis test-proc2
net 49.0001.0002.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.00
interface ethernet 1
clns router iso-igrp test-proc1
interface serial 2
clns router iso-igrp test-proc1
interface ethernet 2
clns router is-is test-proc2
To allow CLNS packets only to blindly pass through an interface without routing updates, you could use a simple configuration. The following example shows such a configuration:
clns routing
interface serial 2
! permits serial 2 to pass CLNS packets without having CLNS routing turned on
clns enable
In the following example, interface serial 1 on Router A acts as a DTE for X.25. It permits broadcasts to pass through. Router B is an IS, which has a CLNS address of 49.0001.bbbb.bbbb.bbbb.00 and an X.121 address of 31102. Router A has a CLNS address of 49.0001.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.00 and an address of 31101. Figure 1-10 illustrates this configuration.
clns routing
router iso-igrp test-proc
net 49.0001.aaaa.aaaa.aaaa.00
interface serial 1
clns router iso-igrp test-proc
! assume the host is a DTE and encapsulates x.25
encapsulation x25
! define the X.121 address of 31101 for serial 1
X25 address 31101
! set up an entry for the other side of the X.25 link (Router B)
x25 map clns 31101 broadcast
clns routing
router iso-igrp test-proc
net 49.0001.bbbb.bbbb.bbbb.00
interface serial 2
clns router iso-igrp test-proc
! configure this side as a DCE
encapsulation x25-dce
! define the X.121 address of 31102 for serial 2
X25 address 31102
! configure the NSAP of Router A and accept reverse charges
x25 map clns 31101 broadcast accept-reverse
The following example shows how to set ES hello packet (ESH) and IS hello packet (ISH) parameters in a simple ISO-IGRP configuration, as well as the MTU for a serial interface:
clns routing
router iso-igrp xavier
net 49.0001.004d.0002.0000.0C00.0506.00
! send IS/ES hellos every 45 seconds
clns configuration-time 45
! recipients of the hello packets keep info. in the hellos for 2 minutes
clns holding-time 120
interface serial 2
! specify an mtu of 978 bytes; generally, do not alter the default mtu value
clns mtu 978
The following example enables cluster aliasing for CLNS:
!
clns routing
clns nsap 47.0004.004d.0001.0000.0C00.1111.00
router iso-igrp pleiades
!
interface ethernet 0
! enable cluster aliasing on interface ethernet 0
clns cluster-alias
!
interface ethernet 1
! enable cluster aliasing on interface ethernet 1
clns cluster-alias
!
The following examples illustrate the use of redistribution using route maps.
The following example redistributes two types of routes into the integrated IS-IS routing table (supporting both IP and CLNS). The first routes are OSPF external IP routes with tag 5, and these are inserted into level-2 IS-IS LSPs with a metric of 5. The second routes are ISO-IGRP derived CLNS prefix routes that match CLNS filter expression "osifilter." These are redistributed into IS-IS as level-2 LSPs with a metric of 30.
router isis
redistribute ospf 109 route-map ipmap
redistribute iso-igrp nsfnet route-map osimap
route-map ipmap permit
match route-type external
match tag 5
set metric 5
set level level-2
route-map osimap permit
match clns address osifilter
set metric 30
clns filter-set osifilter permit 47.0005.80FF.FF00
Given the following configuration, a RIP learned route for network 160.89.0.0 and an ISO-IGRP learned route with prefix 49.0001.0002 will be redistributed into an IS-IS level-2 LSP with a metric of 5.
router isis
redistribute rip route-map ourmap
redistribute iso-igrp remote route-map ourmap
route-map ourmap permit
match ip address 1
match clns address ourprefix
set metric 5
set level level-2
access-list 1 permit 160.89.0.0 0.0.255.255
clns filter-set ourprefix permit 49.0001.0002...
The following example returns a permit action if an address starts with either 47.0005 or 47.0023. It returns an implicit deny action on any other address.
clns filter-set US-OR-NORDUNET permit 47.0005...
clns filter-set US-OR-NORDUNET permit 47.0023...
The following example returns a deny action if an address starts with 39.840F, but returns a permit action for any other address:
clns filter-set NO-ANSI deny 38.840F...
clns filter-set NO-ANSI permit default
The following example builds a filter that accepts end system adjacencies with only two systems, based only on their system IDs:
clns filter-set ourfriends ...0000.0c00.1234.**
clns filter-set ourfriends ...0000.0c00.125a.**
interface ethernet 0
clns adjacency-filter es ourfriends
|
|