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HP-UX Reference > Nneqn(1)HP-UX 11i Version 3: February 2007 |
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NAMEneqn — format mathematical text for nroff DESCRIPTIONneqn is a preprocessor for nroff (see nroff(1)) for typesetting mathematical text on typewriter-like terminals. Its invocation is almost always one of the following two forms or equivalent:
If no files are specified (or if - is specified instead of file), neqn reads from standard input. A line beginning with .EQ marks the start of an equation. The end of an equation is marked by a line beginning with .EN. Neither of these lines is altered, which means that they can be defined in nroff macro packages to get centering, numbering, etc. DelimitersIt is also possible to designate two characters as delimiters; subsequent text between delimiters is then treated as neqn input. Delimiters can be set to characters x and y with the command-line argument -dxy or (more commonly) with the sequence .EQ delim xy .EN The left and right delimiters can be the same character; the dollar sign ($) is often used as such a delimiter. Delimiters are turned off by delim off (see the WARNINGS section). All text that is neither between delimiters nor between .EQ and .EN is passed through untouched. Separators and MetacharactersTokens within neqn equations are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, double quotes, tildes, and circumflexes. Braces ({}) are used for grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single character such as x can appear, a complicated construction enclosed in braces can be used instead. Tilde (~) represents a full space in the output; circumflex (^), half as much. Subscripts and SuperscriptsSubscripts and superscripts are produced using sub and sup as follows:
Square Rootssqrt produces square roots:
Upper and Lower LimitsThe keywords from and to specify lower and upper limits:
Brackets and BracesLeft and right brackets, braces, and such, of proper height are made with left and right:
Legal characters after left and right are braces, brackets, bars, c and f for ceiling and floor, and "" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only bracket). A left char need not have a matching right char. Vertical PilesVertical piles of elements are made with pile, lpile, cpile, and rpile:
Piles can have arbitrary numbers of elements; lpile left aligns, pile and cpile center (but with different vertical spacing), and rpile right aligns. Matrices and DeterminantsMatrices are made with matrix:
In addition, there is rcol for a right-aligned column. Diacritical MarksDiacritical marks are made with dot, dotdot, hat, tilde, bar, vec, dyad, and under:
Point Sizes and FontsPoint sizes and fonts can be changed with size n or size +|-n, roman, italic, bold, and font n. Point sizes and fonts can be changed globally in a document by gsize n and gfont n, or by the command-line arguments -sn and -fn. Normally, subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 points from the previous size; this can be changed by the command-line argument -pn. Vertical AlignmentSuccessive display arguments can be lined up. Place mark before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place lineup at the place that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations. Shorthand FormsShorthand forms can be defined or existing keywords redefined with define: define thing % replacement % defines a new token called thing that is replaced by replacement whenever it appears thereafter. The % can be any character that does not occur in replacement. The spaces around the % delimiters are required. Other KeywordsKeywords such as sum (displayed as R, standing for uppercase sigma), int (^, integral sign), inf (oo, infinity sign), and shorthands such as >= (> overstruck by _), != (= overstruck by /), and -> (->) are recognized. Greek letters are spelled out in uppercase or lowercase as desired, as in alpha (displayed as A, standing for lowercase alpha) or GAMMA (displayed as G, standing for uppercase gamma). Mathematical words such as sin (sin), cos (cos), and log (log) are made Roman automatically. nroff four-character escapes, such as \(dd (| overstruck by =, standing for double dagger) and \(bu (o overstruck by +, standing for bullet), can be used anywhere. Verbatim TextStrings enclosed in double quotes (" string " ) are passed through untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text, and can be used to communicate with nroff when other methods fail. Details are given in the manuals cited below. Optionsneqn accepts the following options:
EXTERNAL INFLUENCESEnvironment VariablesLC_CTYPE determines the interpretation of text as single- or multibyte characters. LANG determines the language in which messages are displayed. If LC_CTYPE is not specified in the environment or is set to the empty string, the value of LANG is used as a default for each unspecified or empty variable. If LANG is not specified or is set to the empty string, a default of "C" (see lang(5)) is used instead of LANG. If any internationalization variable contains an invalid setting, neqn behaves as if all internationalization variables are set to "C". See environ(5). WARNINGSTo embolden digits, parentheses, etc., it is necessary to quote them, as in bold "12.3" . Also see the WARNINGS section in nroff(1). Good practice dictates that if a delimiter is specified in a file, the delim off directive should be included at the end of the file to prevent undesirable behavior when processing multiple files where a subsequent file may contain the delimiter character as part of regular text. To properly display equations on terminal screens and other devices that do not support reverse line feeds, nroff output should be piped through col (see col(1)). The display on devices that do not support partial line feeds is often difficult to understand; Greek characters and other symbols are often not well supported and can mismatched printing of bold words on the same line (see a printed version of the Other Keywords subsection above). Consider using "computer-program" coding instead. |
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