|
|
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a packet-based protocol used to exchange data over computer networks. IP handles addressing, fragmentation, reassembly, and protocol demultiplexing. It is the foundation on which all other Internet protocols, collectively referred to as the Internet Protocol suite, are built. IP is a network-layer protocol that contains addressing information and some control information that allows data packets to be routed.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is built upon the IP layer. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that specifies the format of data and acknowledgments used in the transfer of data. TCP also specifies the procedures that the computers use to ensure that the data arrives correctly. TCP allows multiple applications on a system to communicate concurrently because it handles all demultiplexing of the incoming traffic among the application programs.
Use the commands in this chapter to configure and monitor IP networks. For IP protocol configuration information and examples, refer to the Communication Server Configuration Guide.
Use the access-class line configuration command to restrict incoming and outgoing connections between a particular virtual terminal line (into a Cisco device) and the addresses in an access list. The no access-class command removes access restrictions on the line for the specified connections.
access-class access-list-number {in | out}| access-list-number | Integer from 1 through 99 that identifies a specific access list of Internet addresses. |
| in | Restricts incoming connections between a particular Cisco device and the addresses in the access list. |
| out | Restricts outgoing connections between a particular Cisco device and the addresses in the access list. |
None
Line configuration command
Remember to set identical restrictions on all the virtual terminal lines because a user can connect to any of them.
To display the access lists for a particular terminal line, use the show line EXEC command and specify the line number.
The following example defines an access list that permits only hosts on network 192.89.55.0 to connect to the virtual terminal ports on the communication server:
access-list 12 permit 192.89.55.0 0.0.0.255
line 1 5
access-class 12 in
The following example defines an access list that denies connections to networks other than network 36.0.0.0 on terminal lines 1 through 5:
access-list 10 permit 36.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
line 1 5
access-class 10 out
A dagger (+) indicates that the command is documented in another chapter.
show line +
Use the access-list global configuration command to create or remove an access list and control access to it. Use the no access-list command to delete the entire access list.
access-list access-list-number {permit | deny} source [source-mask]| access-list-number | Integer from 1 through 99 that you assign to identify one or more permit/deny conditions as an access list. Access list 0 (zero) is predefined; it permits any address and is the default access list for all interfaces. |
| permit | Permits access for matching conditions. |
| deny | Denies access to matching conditions. |
| source | Compares the source address being tested to this value. It is a 32-bit quantity written in dotted-decimal format. See the examples later in this section. |
| source-mask | 32-bit quantity written in dotted-decimal format. Address bits corresponding to wildcard mask bits set to 1 are ignored in comparisons; address bits corresponding to wildcard mask bits set to zero are used in comparisons. See the examples later in this section. |
The access list defaults to an implicit deny statement for everything that has not been permitted.
Global configuration
Plan your access conditions carefully and be aware of the implicit deny.
You can use access lists to control the transmission of packets on an interface, to control virtual terminal line access, and to restrict contents of routing updates.
Use the show access-lists EXEC command to display the contents of all access lists.
The following example of a standard access list allows access for only those hosts on the three specified networks. It assumes that subnetting is not used; the masks apply to the host portions of the network addresses. Any hosts with a source address that does not match the access list statements will be rejected.
access-list 1 permit 192.5.34.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 1 permit 128.88.1.0 0.0.255.255
access-list 1 permit 36.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
! (Note: all other access implicitly denied)
To specify a large number of individual addresses more easily, you can omit the address mask; that is, all zeros from the access-list command. Thus, the following two configuration commands are identical in effect:
access-list 2 permit 36.48.0.3
access-list 2 permit 36.48.0.3 0.0.0.0
show access-lists
Use the extended access-list global configuration command to create or remove an extended access list. Use the no access-list command to delete the entire extended access list.
access-list access-list-number {permit | deny} protocol source source-mask destination destination-mask [operator operand] [established] no access-list access-list-number| access-list-number | Integer from 100 through 199 that you assign to identify one or more extended permit/deny conditions as an extended access list. Note that a list number in the range 100 through 199 distinguishes an extended access list from a standard access list. |
| permit | Permits access to matching conditions. |
| deny | Denies access to matching conditions. |
| protocol | One of the following protocols: ip, tcp, udp, icmp, igmp, gre, or igrp or an integer in the range of 0 through 255 representing an IP protocol number. Use the keyword ip to match any Internet protocol, including TCP, UDP, and ICMP. |
| source | Internet source address in dotted-decimal format. Used in conjunction with source masks. |
| source-mask | Mask of source address bits in dotted-decimal format. The source and source-mask arguments are used to match the source address of a packet. |
| destination | Internet destination address in dotted-decimal format. Used in conjunction with destination masks. |
| destination-mask | Mask of destination address bits in dotted-decimal format. The destination and destination mask arguments are used to match the destination address of a packet. |
| operator | (Optional.) Compares destination ports. Note that the ip and icmp protocol keywords do not allow port distinctions. Possible operands include lt (less than), gt (greater than), eq (equal), and neq (not equal). |
| operand | (Optional.) Decimal destination port. Note that the ip and icmp protocol keywords do not allow port distinctions. |
| established | (Optional.) For the TCP protocol only: to indicate an established connection. A match occurs if the TCP datagram has the ACK or RST bits set. The nonmatching case is that of the initial TCP datagram to form a connection. |
An extended access list defaults to an implicit deny statement for everything that has not been permitted.
Global configuration
You can use access lists to control the transmission of packets on an interface, to control virtual terminal line access, and to restrict contents of routing updates. The communication server stops checking the extended access list after a match occurs.
In the following example, the Ethernet network is a Class B network with the address 128.88.0.0, and the mail host's address is 128.88.1.2. The keyword established is used only for the TCP protocol to indicate an established connection. A match occurs if the TCP datagram has the ACK or RST bits set, which indicate that the packet belongs to an existing connection.
access-list 102 permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 128.88.0.0 0.0.255.255 established
access-list 102 permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 128.88.1.2 0.0.0.0 eq 25
interface ethernet 0
ip access-group 102
ip access-group
show access-lists
Use the arp global configuration command to install a permanent entry in the ARP cache. The communication server uses this entry to translate 32-bit Internet Protocol addresses into 48-bit hardware addresses. Use the no arp command to remove the specified entry from the ARP cache.
arp internet-address hardware-address type [alias]| internet-address | Internet address in dotted-decimal format corresponding to the local data link address. |
| hardware-address | Local data link address (a 48-bit address). |
| type | Encapsulation description. This is typically the arpa keyword for Ethernet. |
| alias | (Optional.) Indicates that the communication server should respond to ARP requests as if it were the owner of the specified address. |
None
Global configuration
Because most hosts support dynamic resolution, you generally do not need to specify static ARP cache entries.
To remove all nonstatic entries from the ARP cache, use the clear arp-cache privileged EXEC command.
The following is an example of a static ARP entry for a typical Ethernet host.
arp 192.31.7.19 0800.0900.1834 arpa
clear arp-cache
Use the arp interface configuration command to control the interface-specific handling of IP address resolution into 48-bit Ethernet and Token Ring hardware addresses. Use the no arp command to selectively disable the specified interface encapsulation type.
arp {arpa | probe | snap}| arpa | Standard Ethernet style ARP (RFC 826). |
| probe | HP Probe protocol for IEEE-802.3 networks. |
| snap | ARP packets conforming to RFC 1042. |
arpa
Interface configuration
Unlike most commands that take multiple arguments, arguments to the arp command are not mutually exclusive. Each command enables or disables a specific type of ARP. For example, if you enter the arp arpa command followed by the arp probe command, the communication server would send three (two for probe and one for arpa) packets each time it needed to discover a MAC address.
The arp probe command allows the communication server to use the Probe protocol (in addition to ARP) whenever it attempts to resolve an IEEE-802.3 or Ethernet local data link address. The subset of Probe that performs address resolution is called Virtual Address Request and Reply. Using Probe, the communication server can communicate transparently with Hewlett-Packard IEEE-802.3 hosts that use this type of data encapsulation.
The show interfaces EXEC command displays the type of ARP being used on a particular interface. To remove all nonstatic entries from the ARP cache, use the clear arp-cache privileged EXEC command.
The following example enables probe services.
interface ethernet 0
arp probe
clear arp-cache
show interfaces
Use the arp timeout interface configuration command to control the number of seconds an ARP cache entry will stay in the cache. Use the no arp timeout command to restore the default value.
arp timeout seconds| seconds | Value used to age an ARP cache entry related to that interface. A value of 0 (zero) seconds sets no timeout; then the cache entries are never cleared. |
14400 seconds (4 hours)
Interface configuration
This command is ignored when issued on interfaces that do not use ARP. The show interfaces EXEC command displays the ARP timeout value. The value follows the "Entry Timeout:" heading, as seen in this sample show interfaces display:
ARP type: ARPA, PROBE, Entry Timeout: 14400 sec
The following example illustrates how to set the ARP timeout to 12000 seconds to allow entries to time out more quickly than the default.
interface ethernet 0
arp timeout 12000
show interfaces
Use the clear host EXEC command to remove one or all entries from the host name-and-address cache.
clear host {name | *}| name | Particular host entry to remove. |
| * | Remove all entries. |
EXEC
The host name entries will not be removed from NVRAM, but will be cleared in running memory.
The following example clears all entries from the host name-and-address cache.
clear host *
show hosts
Use the clear ip accounting EXEC command to clear the active database when IP accounting is enabled. Use the clear ip accounting checkpoint command to clear the checkpointed database when IP accounting is enabled.
clear ip accounting [checkpoint]| checkpoint | (Optional.) Clears the checkpointed database. |
EXEC
You can also clear the checkpointed database by issuing the clear ip accounting command twice in succession.
The following example clears the active database when IP accounting is enabled.
clear ip accounting
ip accounting
ip accounting-list
ip accounting-threshold
ip accounting-transits
show ip accounting
Use the clear ip route EXEC command to remove one or more routes from the IP routing table.
clear ip route {network [mask] | *}| network | Network or subnet address to remove. |
| mask | (Optional.) Subnet address to remove. |
| * | Remove all routing table entries. |
All entries are removed
EXEC
The following example removes a route to network 132.5.0.0 from the IP routing table.
clear ip route 132.5.0.0
Use the ip access-group interface configuration command to control access to an interface. Use the no ip access-group command to remove the specified access group.
ip access-group access-list-number {in | out}| access-list-number | Access list number from 1 through 199. |
| in | Filter on inbound packets. |
| out | Filter on outbound packets. Default if in or out not specified. |
None
Interface configuration
For inbound access lists, after receiving a packet, the communication server checks the source address of the packet against the access list. If the access list permits the address, the communication server continues to process the packet. If the access list rejects the address, the communication server discards the packet and returns an ICMP Host Unreachable message.
For outbound access lists, after receiving and routing a packet to a controlled interface, the communication server checks the source address of the packet against the access list. If the access list permits the address, the communication server transmits the packet. If the access list rejects the address, the communication server discards the packet and returns an ICMP Host Unreachable message.
Access lists are applied on either outbound or inbound interfaces.
If the specified access list does not exist, all packets are passed.
The following example applies list 101 on packets outbound from Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip access-group 101 out
access-list (extended)
show access-lists
Use the ip accounting interface configuration command to enable IP accounting on an interface. Use the no ip accounting command to disable IP accounting.
ip accountingThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
IP accounting is enabled on a per-interface basis. The IP accounting support records the number of bytes and packets switched through the system on a source and destination IP address basis. Only transit IP traffic is measured and only on an outbound basis; traffic generated by the communication server or terminating in the communication server is not included in the accounting statistics.
The following example enables IP accounting on interface Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip accounting
clear ip accounting
ip accounting-list
ip accounting-threshold
ip accounting-transits
show ip accounting
Use the ip accounting-list global configuration command to specify a set of filters to control the hosts for which IP accounting information is kept. Use the no ip accounting-list command with the appropriate argument to remove this function.
ip accounting-list ip-address mask| ip-address | IP address in dotted-decimal format. |
| mask | IP mask. |
None
Global configuration
The source and destination address of each IP datagram is logically ANDed with the mask and compared with the ip-address. If there is a match, the information about the IP datagram will be entered into the accounting database. If there is no match, the IP datagram is considered a transit datagram and will be counted according to the setting of the ip accounting-transits global configuration command.
The following example adds all hosts with IP addresses beginning with 192.31 to the list of hosts for which accounting information will be kept.
ip accounting-list 192.31.0.0 255.255.0.0
clear ip accounting
ip accounting
ip accounting-threshold
ip accounting-transits
show ip accounting
Use the ip accounting-threshold global configuration command to enable IP accounting for transit traffic outbound on an interface. Use the no ip accounting-threshold command to restore the default.
ip accounting-threshold threshold| threshold | Maximum number of entries (source and destination address pairs) that the communication server accumulates, preventing IP accounting from possibly consuming all available free memory. |
512 entries
Global configuration
The accounting threshold defines the maximum number of entries (source and destination address pairs) that the communication server accumulates, preventing IP accounting from possibly consuming all available free memory. This level of memory consumption could occur in a communication server that is switching traffic for many hosts. Overflows will be recorded; see the monitoring commands for display formats.
The following example sets the IP accounting threshold to only 500 entries.
ip accounting-threshold 500
clear ip accounting
ip accounting
ip accounting-list
ip accounting-transits
show ip accounting
Use the ip accounting-transits global configuration command to control the number of transit records that will be stored in the IP accounting database. Use the no ip accounting-transits command to remove this function, resetting the value to the default.
ip accounting-transits count| count | Number of transit records that will be stored in the IP accounting database. |
0
Global configuration
Transit entries are those that do not match any of the filters specified by ip accounting-list global configuration commands. If no filters are defined, no transit entries are possible.
To maintain accurate accounting totals, the communication server software maintains two accounting databases: an active and a checkpointed database.
The following example specifies that no more than 100 transit records are stored.
ip accounting-transit 100
clear ip accounting
ip accounting
ip accounting-list
ip accounting-threshold
show ip accounting
Use the ip address interface configuration command to set an IP address for an interface. Use the no ip address command to remove the specified address.
ip address IP-address mask| IP-address | IP address. |
| mask | Mask for the associated IP subnet. |
None
Interface configuration
Hosts can determine subnet masks using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Mask Request message. Routers respond to this request with an ICMP Mask Reply message.
You can disable IP processing on a particular interface by removing its IP address with the no ip address command. If the communication server detects another host using one of its IP addresses, it will print an error message on the console.
In the following example, 131.108.1.27 is the primary address for Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip address 131.108.1.27 255.255.255.0
Use the ip address secondary interface configuration command to set multiple IP addresses for an interface. Use the no ip address secondary command to remove the specified addresses.
ip address IP-address mask secondary| IP-address | IP address. |
| mask | Mask for the associated IP subnet. |
| secondary | Used to specify additional IP addresses. |
None
Interface configuration
Hosts can determine subnet masks using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Mask Request message. Routers respond to this request with an ICMP Mask Reply message.
Packets generated by the communication server always use the primary interface IP address. Therefore, all communication servers on a segment should share the same primary network number.
In the following example, 131.108.1.27 is the primary address and 192.31.7.17 and 192.31.8.17 are secondary addresses for Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip address 131.108.1.27 255.255.255.0
ip address 192.31.7.17 255.255.255.0 secondary
ip address 192.31.8.17 255.255.255.0 secondary
Use the ip broadcast-address interface configuration command to define a broadcast address for an interface. Use the no ip broadcast-address command to restore the IP broadcast address to the default.
ip broadcast-address [address]| address | (Optional.) IP broadcast address for a network. |
Default address: 255.255.255.255 (all ones)
Interface configuration
The following example specifies an IP broadcast address of 0.0.0.0:
ip broadcast-address 0.0.0.0
Use the ip default-gateway global configuration command to define a default gateway (communication server) when IP routing is disabled. Use the no ip default-gateway command to disable this function.
ip default-gateway address| address | Internet address of the communication server. |
Disabled
Global configuration
The host sends any packets that need the assistance of a gateway to the address you specify. If another gateway has a better route to the requested host, the default gateway sends an ICMP redirect message to the server. The ICMP redirect message indicates which local communication server the server should use.
The following example defines the communication server on Internet address 192.31.7.18 as the default communication server:
ip default-gateway 192.31.7.18
show ip redirects
Use the ip directed-broadcast interface configuration command to enable directed broadcast to physical broadcast translation on an interface. Use the no ip directed-broadcast command to disable directed broadcast to physical broadcast translation on an interface.
ip directed-broadcast [access-list-number]| access-list-number | (Optional.) Number of the access list. If specified, a broadcast must pass the access list to be forwarded. If not specified, all broadcasts will be forwarded. |
Enabled, with no list specified
Interface configuration
By default, this feature is enabled only for those protocols configured using the ip forward-protocol global configuration command. An access list may be specified to control which broadcasts are forwarded. When an access list is specified, only those IP packets permitted by the access list are eligible to be translated from directed broadcasts to physical broadcasts.
The following example enables forwarding of IP directed broadcasts on interface Ethernet 0:
interface ethernet 0
ip directed-broadcast
ip forward-protocol
Use the ip domain-list global configuration command to define a list of default domain names to complete unqualified host names. Use the no ip domain-list command with the appropriate argument to delete a name from the list.
ip domain-list name| name | Domain name; do not include the initial period that separates an unqualified name from the domain name. |
None
Global configuration
If there is no domain list, the domain name that you specified with the ip domain-name global configuration command is used. The ip domain-list command is similar to the ip domain-name command, except that with ip domain-list you can define a list of domains, each to be tried in turn.
The following example adds several domain names to a list:
ip domain-list martinez.com
ip domain-list stanford.edu
The following example adds a name to and then deletes a name from the list:
ip domain-list sunya.edu
no ip domain-list stanford.edu
ip domain-name
Use the ip domain-lookup global configuration command to enable the IP Domain Name System-based host name-to-address translation. Use the no ip domain-lookup command to disable the Domain Name System.
ip domain-lookupThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Enabled
Global configuration
The following example enables the IP Domain Name System-based host name-to-address translation.
ip domain-lookup
ip domain-lookup nsap
ip domain-name
ip name-server
Use the ip domain-name global configuration command to define a default domain name that the communication server uses to complete unqualified host names (names without a dotted-decimal domain name). Use the no ip domain-name command to disable the use of the Domain Name System.
ip domain-name name| name | Default domain name used to complete unqualified host names; do not include the initial period that separates an unqualified name from the domain name. |
Enabled
Global configuration
Any IP host name that does not contain a domain name (that is, any name without a dot), will have the dot and cisco.com appended to it before being added to the host table.
The following example defines cisco.com as the default domain name.
ip domain-name cisco.com
ip domain-list
ip domain-lookup
ip name-server
Use the ip forward-protocol global configuration command to specify which protocols and ports the communication server will forward. Use the no ip forward-protocol command (with the appropriate keyword and argument) to remove the protocol/port. Specifying just the protocol, without the port, disables all flooding for that protocol.
ip forward-protocol {udp | nd} [port]| udp | Forward UDP datagrams. See below for a list of datagrams forwarded by default. |
| nd | Forward Network Disk (ND) datagrams. This protocol is used by older diskless SUN workstations. See below for a list of datagrams forwarded by default. |
| port | (Optional.) Destination port that controls which UDP services are forwarded. |
If a helper address is specified and UDP forwarding is enabled, the following datagrams are forwarded by default:
Global configuration
The following example uses the ip forward-protocol command to specify forwarding of UDP only, then defines a helper address.
ip forward-protocol udp
!
interface ethernet 1
ip helper-address 131.120.1.0
ip directed-broadcast
ip forward-protocol spanning-tree
ip forward-protocol turbo-flood
ip helper-address
Use the ip gdp igrp interface configuration command to configure the communication server discovery feature using the Cisco IGRP routing protocol. Use the no ip gdp igrp command to disable this feature.
ip gdp igrpThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
IP routing must be disabled before you can configure this feature.
The following example configures communication server discovery using IGRP on the Ethernet 1 interface:
!
interface ethernet 1
ip gdp igrp
!
Use the ip gdp irdp interface configuration command to configure the communication server discovery feature using the ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP). Use the no ip gdp irdp command to disable this feature.
ip gdp irdpThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
IP routing must be disabled before you can configure this feature.
The following example configures communication server discovery using IRDP on the Ethernet 0 interface:
!
interface ethernet 0
ip gdp irdp
!
Use the ip gdp rip interface configuration command to configure the communication server discovery feature using the RIP routing protocol. Use the no ip gdp rip command to disable this feature.
ip gdp ripThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
IP routing must be disabled before you can configure this feature.
The following example configures communication server discovery using RIP on the Ethernet 1 interface:
!
interface ethernet 1
ip gdp rip
!
Use the ip helper-address interface configuration command to tell the communication server to forward UDP broadcasts, including BootP, received on an interface. Use the no ip helper-address command to disable the forwarding of broadcast packets to specific addresses.
ip helper-address address| address | Destination broadcast or host address to be used when forwarding UDP broadcasts. You can have more than one helper address per interface. |
Disabled
Interface configuration
Combined with the ip forward-protocol global configuration command, the ip helper-address command allows you to control which broadcast packets and which protocols are forwarded.
The following example defines an address that acts as a helper address.
interface ethernet 1
ip helper-address 121.24.43.2
ip forward-protocol
Use the ip host global configuration command to define a static host name-to-address mapping in the host cache. Use the no ip host command to remove the name-to-address mapping.
ip host name [TCP-port-number] address1 [address2...address8]| name | Name of the host. The first character can be either a letter or a number, but if you use a number, the operations you can perform are limited. |
| TCP-port-number | (Optional.) TCP port number--Telnet by default (port 23). |
| address | Associated IP address. Up to eight addresses can be bound to a host name. |
Disabled
Global configuration
The first character can be either a letter or a number, but if you use a number, the operations you can perform (such as ping) are limited.
The following example uses the ip host command to define two static mappings:
ip host croff 192.31.7.18
ip host bisso-gw 10.2.0.2 192.31.7.33
Use the ip host-routing command to configure your communication server to act as a terminal server.
ip host-routingThere are no arguments or keywords for this command.
Global configuration
The functionality of this command compares to the functionality of the ip routing command as follows:
The following example uses the ip host-routing command to configure the communication server to act as a terminal server:
ip host-routing
ip routing
Use the ip hp-host global configuration command to enter the host name of an HP host to be used for HP Probe Proxy service into the host table. Use the no ip hp-host command with the appropriate arguments to remove the host name.
ip hp-host hostname ip-address| hostname | Name of the host. |
| ip-address | IP address of the host. |
None
Global configuration
To use the HP Proxy service, you must first enter the host name of the HP host into the host table using this command.
The following example specifies an HP host's name and address, and then enables Probe Proxy.
ip hp-host BCWjo 131.108.1.27
interface ethernet 0
ip probe proxy
ip probe proxy
Use the ip mask-reply interface configuration command to tell the communication server to respond to ICMP mask requests by sending ICMP Mask Reply messages. Use the no ip mask-reply command to disable this function.
ip mask-replyThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
The following example enables the sending of ICMP Mask Reply messages on interface Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip mask-reply
Use the ip mtu interface configuration command to set the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of IP packets sent on an interface. Use the no ip mtu command to restore the default.
ip mtu bytes| bytes | IP MTU in bytes. |
Minimum is 128 bytes; maximum depends on interface medium type
Interface configuration
If an IP packet exceeds the MTU set for the communication server's interface, the communication server will fragment it.
Also, all devices on a physical medium must have the same protocol MTU in order to operate.
The following example sets the maximum IP packet size for the first serial interface to 300 bytes.
interface serial 0
ip mtu 300
A dagger (+) indicates that the command is documented in another chapter.
mtu +
Use the ip name-server global configuration command to specify the address of one or more name servers to use for name and address resolution. Use the no ip name-server command to remove the addresses specified and restore the default.
ip name-server server-address1 [[server-address2]... server-address6]| server-address1...6 | IP addresses of up to six name servers. |
None
Global configuration
The following example specifies host 131.108.1.111 as the primary name server and host 131.108.1.2 as the secondary server.
ip name-server 131.108.1.111 131.108.1.2
ip domain-lookup
ip domain-name
Use the ip probe proxy interface configuration command to enable the HP Probe Proxy support that allows a communication server to respond to HP Probe Proxy Name requests. Use the no ip probe proxy command to disable HP Probe Proxy.
ip probe proxyThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
HP Probe Proxy Name requests are typically used at sites that have HP equipment and are already using HP Probe.
To use the HP Proxy service, you must first enter the host name of the HP host into the host table using the ip hp-host global configuration command.
The following example specifies an HP host's name and address, and then enables Probe Proxy.
ip hp-host BCWjo 131.108.1.27
interface ethernet 0
ip probe proxy
ip hp-host
Use the ip proxy-arp interface configuration command to enable proxy ARP on an interface. Use the no ip proxy-arp command to disable proxy ARP on the interface.
ip proxy-arpThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Enabled
Interface configuration
The following example enables proxy ARP on interface Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip proxy-arp
Use the ip redirects interface configuration command to enable the sending of redirect messages if the communication server is forced to resend a packet through the same interface on which it was received. Use the no ip redirects command to disable the sending of redirect messages.
ip redirectsThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Enabled
Interface configuration
The following example enables the sending of IP redirects on interface Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip redirects
show ip redirects
Use the ip routing global configuration command to enable IP routing. Use the no ip routing command to disable IP routing for the communication server.
ip routingThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Enabled
Global configuration
The following example shows how to enable IP routing.
ip routing
Use the ip security add interface configuration command to add a basic security option to all outgoing packets. Use the no ip security add command to disable the adding of a basic security option to all outgoing packets.
ip security addThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled when the security level of the interface is unclassified genser (or unconfigured). Other wise, the default is enabled.
Interface configuration
If an outgoing packet does not have a security option present, this interface configuration command will add one as the first IP option. The security label added to the option field is the label that was computed for this packet when it first entered the communication server. Because this action is performed after all the security tests have been passed, this label will either be the same as or will fall within the range of the interface.
The following example adds a basic security option to each packet leaving interface Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security extended-allowed
ip security first
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security multilevel
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security strip
Use the ip security dedicated interface configuration command to set the requested level of classification and authority on the interface. Use the no ip security dedicated command to reset the interface to the default classification and authorities.
ip security dedicated level authority [authority...]| level | Degree of sensitivity of information. The level keywords are listed in Table 1-1. |
| authority | Organization that defines the set of security levels that will be used in a network. The authority keywords are listed in Table 1-2. |
Disabled
Interface configuration
All traffic entering the system on this interface must have a security option that exactly matches this label. Any traffic leaving via this interface will have this label attached to it.
The following definitions apply to the descriptions of the IP Security Options (IPSO) in this section:
| Level Keyword | Bit Pattern |
|---|---|
| Reserved4 | 0000 0001 |
| TopSecret | 0011 1101 |
| Secret | 0101 1010 |
| Confidential | 1001 0110 |
| Reserved3 | 0110 0110 |
| Reserved2 | 1100 1100 |
| Unclassified | 1010 1011 |
| Reserved1 | 1111 0001 |
| Authority Keyword | Bit Pattern |
|---|---|
| Genser | 1000 0000 |
| Siop-Esi | 0100 0000 |
| DIA | 0010 0000 |
| NSA | 0001 0000 |
| DOE | 0000 1000 |
The following example sets a confidential level with Genser authority.
ip security dedicated confidential Genser
ip security add
ip security extended-allowed
ip security first
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security multilevel
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security strip
Use the ip security extended-allowed interface configuration command to accept packets on an interface that has an extended security option present. Packets containing extended security options are rejected. Use the no ip security extended-allowed command to restore the default.
ip security extended-allowedThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
The following example allows interface Ethernet 0 to accept packets that have an extended security option present:
interface ethernet 0
ip security extended-allowed
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security first
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security multilevel
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security strip
Use the ip security first interface configuration command to prioritize the presence of security options on a packet. Use the no ip security first command to turn off this function.
ip security firstThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
If a basic security option is present on an outgoing packet, but it is not the first IP option, then the packet is moved to the front of the options field when this interface configuration command is used.
The following example ensures that, if a basic security option is present in the options field of a packet exiting interface Ethernet 0, the packet is moved to the front of the options field.
interface ethernet 0
ip security first
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security extended-allowed
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security multilevel
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security strip
Use the ip security ignore-authorities interface configuration command to causes the communication server to ignore the authorities field of all incoming packets. Use the no ip security ignore-authorities command to turn off this function.
ip security ignore-authoritiesThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
When the packet's authority field is ignored, the value used in place of this field is the authority value declared for the specified interface. IP security ignore-authorities can only be configured on interfaces with dedicated security levels.
The following example causes interface Ethernet 0 to ignore the authorities field on all incoming packets.
interface ethernet 0
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security extended-allowed
ip security first
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security multilevel
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security strip
Use the ip security implicit-labelling interface configuration command to force the communication server to accept packets on the interface, even if they do not include a security option. Use the no ip security implicit-labelling command to disable this function.
ip security implicit-labelling [level authority [authority...]]| level | (Optional.) Degree of sensitivity of information. If your interface has multilevel security set, you must specify this argument. The level keywords are listed in Table 1-1 (see the ip security dedicated interface configuration command). |
| authority | (Optional.) Organization that defines the set of security levels that will be used in a network. If your interface has multilevel security set, you must specify this argument. You can specify more than one. The authority keywords are listed in Table 1-2 (see the ip security dedicated interface configuration command). |
Enabled when the security level of the interface is unclassified genser (or unconfigured). Otherwise, the default is disabled.
Interface configuration
If your interface has multilevel security set, you must use the expanded form of the command (with the optional arguments as noted in brackets) because the arguments are used to specify the precise level and authority to use when labeling the packet. If your interface has dedicated security set, the additional arguments are ignored.
In the following example, an interface is set for security and will accept unlabeled packets.
ip security dedicated confidential genser
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security extended-allowed
ip security first
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security multilevel
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security strip
Use the ip security multilevel interface configuration command to set the interface to the requested range of classifications and authorities. All traffic entering or leaving the system must have a security option that falls within this range.
ip security multilevel level1 [authority1...] to level2 authority2 [authority2...]| level1 | Degree of sensitivity of information. The classification level of incoming packets must be equal to or greater than this value for processing to occur. The level keywords are found in Table 1-1 (see the ip security dedicated command). |
| authority1 | (Optional.) Organization that defines the set of security levels that will be used in a network. The authority bits must be a superset of this value. The authority keywords are listed in Table 1-2 (see the ip security dedicated command). |
| to | Separates the range of classifications and authorities. |
| level2 | Degree of sensitivity of information. The classification level of incoming packets must be equal to or less than this value for processing to occur. The level keywords are found in Table 1-1 (see the ip security dedicated command). |
| authority2 | Organization that defines the set of security levels that will be used in a network. The authority bits must be a proper subset of this value. The authority keywords are listed in Table 1-2 (see the ip security dedicated command). |
Disabled
Interface configuration
Being within range requires that the following two conditions be met:
The following example specifies levels Unclassified to Secret and NSA authority.
ip security multilevel unclassified to secret nsa
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security extended-allowed
ip security first
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security strip
Use the ip security reserved-allowed interface configuration command to treat as valid any packets that have Reserved1 through Reserved4 security levels. Use the no ip security reserved-allowed command to disable this feature.
ip security reserved-allowedThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
When you set multilevel security on an interface, and indicate, for example, that the highest range allowed is Confidential, and the lowest is Unclassified, the communication server neither allows nor operates on packets that have security levels of Reserved3 and Reserved2 because they are undefined.
If you use the IP Security Option (IPSO) to block transmission out of unclassified interfaces, and you use one of the Reserved security levels, you must enable this feature to preserve network security.
The following example allows a security level of Reserved through interface Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip security reserved-allowed
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security extended-allowed
ip security first
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security multilevel
ip security strip
Use the ip security strip interface configuration command to remove any basic security option on outgoing packets on an interface. Use the no ip security strip command to disable this function.
ip security stripThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Interface configuration
This procedure is performed after all security tests in the communication server have been passed. This command is not allowed for multilevel interfaces.
The following example removes any basic security options on outgoing packets on interface Ethernet 0.
interface ethernet 0
ip security strip
ip security add
ip security dedicated
ip security extended-allowed
ip security first
ip security ignore-authorities
ip security implicit-labelling
ip security multilevel
ip security reserved-allowed
Use the ip source-route global configuration command to allow the communication server to handle IP datagrams with source routing header options. Use the no ip source-route command to cause the system to discard any IP datagram containing a source-route option.
ip source-routeThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Enabled
Global configuration
The following example enables the handling of IP datagrams with source routing header options.
ip source-route
ping
Use the ip subnet-zero global configuration command to enable use of subnet zero for interface addresses and routing updates. Hence, it provides the ability to configure and route to subnet-zero subnets. Use the no ip subnet-zero command to restore the default.
ip subnet-zeroThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Disabled
Global configuration
Subnetting with a subnet address of zero is discouraged because of the confusion inherent in having a network and a subnet with indistinguishable addresses.
In the following example, subnet-zero is enabled for the communication server.
ip subnet-zero
Use the ip tcp compression-connections interface configuration command to specify the total number of header compression connections that can exist on an interface. Use the no ip tcp compression-connections command to restore the default.
ip tcp compression-connections number| number | Number of connections the cache will support; number can vary between 3 and 256, inclusive. |
16 connections
Interface configuration
You should configure one connection for each TCP connection through the specified interface.
Each connection sets up a compression cache entry, so you are in effect specifying the maximum number of cache entries and the size of the cache. Too few cache entries for the specified interface can lead to degraded performance, while too many cache entries can lead to wasted memory.
In the following example, the first serial interface is set for header compression with a maximum of ten cache entries.
interface serial 0
ip tcp header-compression
ip tcp compression-connections 10
ip tcp header-compression
show ip tcp header-compression
Use the ip tcp header-compression interface configuration command to enable TCP header compression. Use the no ip tcp header-compression command to disable compression.
ip tcp header-compression [passive]| passive | (Optional.) Outgoing TCP packets are compressed only if incoming TCP packets on the same interface are compressed. If you do not specify the passive keyword, the communication server compresses all traffic. |
Disabled
Interface configuration
You can compress the headers of your TCP/IP packets in order to reduce the size of your packets. TCP header compression is only supported on serial lines using HDLC encapsulation. You must enable compression on both ends of a serial connection. RFC 1144 specifies the compression process. Compressing the TCP header can speed up Telnet connections dramatically. In general, TCP header compression is advantageous when your traffic consists of many small packets, not for traffic that consists of large packets. Transaction processing (usually using terminals) tends to use small packets while file transfers use large packets. This feature only compresses the TCP header, so it has no effect on UDP packets or other protocol headers.
In the following example, the first serial interface is set for header compression with a maximum of ten cache entries.
interface serial 0
ip tcp header-compression
ip tcp compression-connections 10
ip tcp compression-connections
show ip tcp header-compression
Use the ip tcp synwait-time global configuration command to set a specified period of time the communication server will wait to attempt to establish a TCP connection before it times out. The no ip tcp synwait-time command restores the default.
ip tcp synwait-time seconds| seconds | Number of seconds the communication server waits to attempt to establish a TCP connection. Use any value between 5 and 300 seconds. |
30 seconds
Global configuration
In previous versions of communication server software, the system would wait a fixed 30 seconds when attempting to establish a TCP connection. If your network contains Public Switched Telephone Network Dial on Demand Routing (PSTN DDR), it is possible that the call setup time will exceed 30 seconds. This amount of time is not sufficient in networks that have dial-up asynchronous connections because it will affect your ability to Telnet over the link (from the communication server) if the link must be brought up. If you have this type of network, you might want to set this value to the UNIX value of 75.
Because this is a host parameter, it does not pertain to traffic going through the communication server, just for traffic originated at the communication server. Because UNIX has a fixed 75-second timeout, hosts are unlikely to see this problem.
The following example configures the communication server to continue attempting to establish a TCP connection for 180 seconds.
ip tcp synwait-time 180
Use the ip unnumbered interface configuration command to enable IP processing on a serial interface without assigning an explicit IP address to the interface. Use the no ip unnumbered command to disable the IP processing on the interface.
ip unnumbered interface-name| interface-name | Name of another interface on which the communication server has an assigned IP address. This interface-name cannot be another unnumbered interface. |
Disabled
Interface configuration
Whenever the unnumbered interface generates a packet (for example, for a routing update), it uses the address of the specified interface as the source address of the IP packet. It also uses the address of the specified interface in determining which routing processes are sending updates over the unnumbered interface. Restrictions include the following:
The interface you specify by the interface-name argument must be enabled (listed as "up" in the show interfaces command display).
If you are configuring IS-IS across a serial line, you should configure the serial interfaces as unnumbered. This allows you to conform with RFC 1195, which states that IP addresses are not required on each interface.
In the following example, the first serial interface is given Ethernet 0's address.
interface ethernet 0
ip address 131.108.6.6 255.255.255.0
interface serial 0
ip unnumbered ethernet 0
Use the ip unreachables interface configuration command to enable the generation of ICMP Unreachable messages on a specified interface. Use the no ip unreachables command to disable this function.
ip unreachablesThis command has no arguments or keywords.
Enabled
Interface configuration
If the communication server receives a nonbroadcast packet destined for itself that uses a protocol it does not recognize, it sends an ICMP Protocol Unreachable message to the source.
If the communication server receives a datagram that it cannot deliver to its ultimate destination because it knows of no route to the destination address, it replies to the originator of that datagram with an ICMP Host Unreachable message.
The following example enables the generation of ICMP Unreachable messages, as appropriate, on an interface.
interface ethernet 0
ip unreachables
Use the ping (IP packet internet groper function) privileged EXEC command to send ICMP Echo messages to check host reachability and network connectivity. If the communication server receives an ICMP Echo message, it sends an ICMP Echo Reply message to the source of the ICMP Echo message.
ping [protocol] {host | address}| protocol | (Optional.) Protocol keyword. IP is the default. |
| host | Host name of system to ping. |
| address | IP address of system to ping. |
Privileged EXEC
You can use the IP ping command to diagnose serial line problems. By placing the local or remote CSU/DSU into loopback mode and pinging your own interface, you can isolate the problem to the communication server or leased line.
To abort a ping session, type the escape sequence (by default, Ctrl-^ X, which is done by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl, Shift, and 6 keys, letting go, then pressing the X key).
Table 1-3 describes the test characters that the ping facility sends.
| Char | Description |
|---|---|
| ! | Each exclamation point indicates receipt of a reply. |
| . | Each period indicates the network server timed out while waiting for a reply. |
| U | Destination unreachable. |
| N | Network unreachable. |
| P | Protocol unreachable. |
| Q | Source quench. |
| M | Could not fragment. |
| ? | Unknown packet type. |
You can use the extended command mode of the ping command to specify the supported Internet header options, as shown in the following sample display.
To enter ping extended command mode, enter yes at the extended commands prompt of the ping command. The following display shows a sample ping extended command sequence.
cs# ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: 192.31.7.27
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:
Extended commands [n]: y
Source address: 131.108.1.1
Type of service [0]:
Set DF bit in IP header? [no]:
Data pattern [0xABCD]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]:
Sweep range of sizes [n]:
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.31.7.27, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent, round-trip min/avg/max = 1/3/4 ms
Table 1-4 describes significant fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Protocol [ip]: | Default is IP. |
| Target IP address: | Prompts for the IP address or host name of the destination node you plan to ping. |
| Repeat count [5]: | Number of ping packets that will be sent to the destination address. Default: 5. |
| Datagram size [100]: | Size of the ping packet (in bytes). Default: 100 bytes. |
| Timeout in seconds [2]: | Timeout interval. Default: 2 (seconds). |
| Extended commands [n]: | Specifies whether or not a series of additional commands appears. Many of the following displays and tables show and describe these commands. Default: no. |
| Source address: | IP address that appears in the ping packet as the source address. |
| Type of service [0]: | Internet service quality selection. See RFC 791 for more information. Default: 0. |
| Set DF bit in IP header? | Don't Fragment. Specifies that if the packet encounters a node in its path that is configured for a smaller MTU than the packet's MTU, that the packet is to be dropped and an error message is to be sent to the communication server at the packet's source address. If performance problems are encountered on the network, a node configured for a small MTU could be a contributing factor. This feature can be used to determine the smallest MTU in the path. Default: no. |
| Data pattern [0xABCD]: | Sets 16-bit hexadecimal data pattern. Default: 0xABCD. Varying the data pattern in this field (to all ones or all zeros for example) can be useful when debugging data sensitivity problems on CSU/DSUs, or detecting cable-related problems such as cross talk. |
| Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose [none]: | Supported Internet header options. The communication server examines the header options to every packet that passes through it. If it finds a packet with an invalid option, the communication server sends an ICMP Parameter Problem message to the source of the packet and discards the packet. The Internet header options follow:
Default: none. For more information on these header options, see RFC 791. |
| Sweep range of sizes [n]: | Allows you to vary the sizes of the echo packets being sent. This capability is useful for determining the minimum sizes of the MTUs configured on the nodes along the path to the destination address. Packet fragmentation contributing to performance problems can then be reduced. |
| !!!!! | Each exclamation point (!) indicates receipt of a reply. A period (.) indicates the network server timed out while waiting for a reply. Other characters may appear in the ping output display, depending on the protocol type. |
| Success rate is 100 percent | Percentage of packets successfully echoed back to the communication server. Anything less than 80 percent is usually considered problematic. |
| round-trip min/avg/max = 1/3/4 ms | Round-trip travel time intervals for the protocol echo packets, including minimum/average/maximum (in milliseconds). |
Using the Record Route option to trace a path to a particular destination address. Be aware, however, that the trace EXEC command performs a similar function, but the latter does not have the nine-hop limitation.
The following display shows sample extended ping output when this option is specified.
cs# ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: fred
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:
Extended commands [n]: y
Source address:
Type of service [0]:
Set DF bit in IP header? [no]:
Data pattern [0xABCD]:
! The "r" specifies the Record Route option
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]: r
Number of hops [ 9 ]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[RV]:
Sweep range of sizes [n]:
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 131.108.1.115, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet has IP options: Total option bytes= 39, padded length=40
Record route: <*> 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
Following is detail of the Echo Packet section:
0 in 4 ms. Received packet has options
Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
Record route: 160.89.80.31 131.108.6.10 131.108.1.7 131.108.1.115
131.108.1.115 131.108.6.7 160.89.80.240 160.89.80.31 <*> 0.0.0.0
End of list
1 in 8 ms. Received packet has options
Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
Record route: 160.89.80.31 131.108.6.10 131.108.1.6 131.108.1.115
131.108.1.115 131.108.6.7 160.89.80.240 160.89.80.31 <*> 0.0.0.0
End of list
2 in 4 ms. Received packet has options
Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
Record route: 160.89.80.31 131.108.6.10 131.108.1.7 131.108.1.115
131.108.1.115 131.108.6.7 160.89.80.240 160.89.80.31 <*> 0.0.0.0
End of list
3 in 8 ms. Received packet has options
Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
Record route: 160.89.80.31 131.108.6.10 131.108.1.6 131.108.1.115
131.108.1.115 131.108.6.7 160.89.80.240 160.89.80.31 <*> 0.0.0.0
End of list
4 in 4 ms. Received packet has options
Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
Record route: 160.89.80.31 131.108.6.10 131.108.1.7 131.108.1.115
131.108.1.115 131.108.6.7 160.89.80.240 160.89.80.31 <*> 0.0.0.0
End of list
In this display, five ping echo packets are sent to the destination address 131.108.1.115. The echo packet detail section includes specific information about each of these echo packets.
The lines of ping output that are unique when the Record Route option is specified are described as follows.
The following line of output allows you to specify the number of hops that will be recorded in the route. Range: 1 through 9. Default: 9.
Number of hops [ 9 ]:
The following line of output indicates that IP header options have been enabled on the outgoing echo packets and shows the number of option bytes and padded bytes in the headers of these packets.
Packet has IP options: Total option bytes= 39, padded length=40
The following lines of output indicate that the fields that will contain the IP addresses of the nodes in the routes have been zeroed out in the outgoing packets.
Record route: <*> 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
The following lines of output display statistics for the first of the five echo packets sent. 0 is the number assigned to this packet to indicate that it is the first in the series. 4 ms indicates the round trip travel time for the packet.
0 in 4 ms. Received packet has options
Total option bytes= 40, padded length=40
Record route: 160.89.80.31 131.108.6.10 131.108.1.7 131.108.1.115
131.108.1.115 131.108.6.7 160.89.80.240 160.89.80.31 <*> 0.0.0.0
The following line of output indicates that four nodes were included in the packet's route, including the communication server at source address 160.89.80.31, two intermediate nodes at addresses 131.108.6.10 and 131.108.1.7, and the destination node at address 131.108.1.115. The underlined address shows where the original route differs from the return route in the line that follows this line.
Record route: 160.89.80.31 131.108.6.10 131.108.1.7 131.108.1.115
The following line of output includes the addresses of the four nodes in the return path of the echo packet. The underlined address shows where the return route differs from the original route shown in the previous line of output.
131.108.1.115 131.108.6.7 160.89.80.240 160.89.80.31 <*> 0.0.0.0
ping (unprivileged)
Use the ping (IP packet internet groper function) unprivileged EXEC command to send ICMP Echo messages to check host reachability and network connectivity. If the communication server receives an ICMP Echo message, it sends an ICMP Echo Reply message to the source of the ICMP Echo message.
ping [protocol] {host | address}| protocol | (Optional.) Protocol keyword. IP is the default. |
| host | Host name of system to ping. |
| address | IP address of system to ping. |
EXEC
The unprivileged ping feature provides a basic ping facility for IP users who do not have system privileges. This feature allows the communication server to perform the simple default ping functionality for the IP protocol. Only the nonverbose form of the ping command is supported for unprivileged pings.
If the system cannot map an address for a host name, it will return an "%Unrecognized host or address" error message.
Multicast and broadcast pings are fully supported. When you ping the broadcast address of 255.255.255.255, the system will send out pings and print a list of all stations responding. You can also ping a local network to get a list of all systems that respond, as in the following example, where 128.111.3 is a local network:
ping 128.111.3.255
As a side-effect, you also can get a list of all multicast-capable hosts that are connected directly to the communication server from which you are pinging, as in the following example:
ping 224.0.0.1
To abort a ping session, type the escape sequence (by default, Ctrl-^ X, which is done by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl, Shift, and 6 keys, letting go, then pressing the X key).
Table 1-5 describes the test characters that the ping facility sends.
| Char | Description |
|---|---|
| ! | Each exclamation point indicates receipt of a reply. |
| . | Each period indicates the network server timed out while waiting for a reply. |
| U | Destination unreachable. |
| N | Network unreachable. |
| P | Protocol unreachable. |
| Q | Source quench. |
| M | Could not fragment. |
| ? | Unknown packet type. |
The following display shows sample ping output when you ping a host named fred:
communication server> ping fred
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.31.7.27, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent, round-trip min/avg/max = 1/3/4 ms
The following display shows sample ping output when you ping the broadcast address of 255.255.255.255:
communication server> ping 255.255.255.255
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 255.255.255.255, timeout is 2 seconds:
Reply to request 0 from 160.89.48.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 0 from 160.89.48.10 (4 ms)
Reply to request 0 from 160.89.48.19 (4 ms)
Reply to request 0 from 160.89.49.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 1 from 160.89.48.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 1 from 160.89.48.10 (4 ms)
Reply to request 1 from 160.89.48.19 (4 ms)
Reply to request 1 from 160.89.49.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 2 from 160.89.48.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 2 from 160.89.48.10 (4 ms)
Reply to request 2 from 160.89.48.19 (4 ms)
Reply to request 2 from 160.89.49.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 3 from 160.89.48.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 3 from 160.89.48.10 (4 ms)
Reply to request 3 from 160.89.48.19 (4 ms)
Reply to request 3 from 160.89.49.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 4 from 160.89.48.15 (4 ms)
Reply to request 4 from 160.89.48.10 (4 ms)
Reply to request 4 from 160.89.48.19 (4 ms)
Reply to request 4 from 160.89.49.15 (4 ms)
ping (privileged)
Use the show access-lists EXEC command to display the contents of all current access lists.
show access-listsThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
The following is sample output from the show access-lists command:
cs# show access-lists
Standard IP access list 19
permit 131.108.19.0
deny 0.0.0.0, wildcard bits 255.255.255.255
Standard IP access list 49
permit 131.108.31.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255
permit 131.108.194.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255
permit 131.108.195.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255
permit 131.108.196.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255
permit 131.108.197.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255
Extended IP access list 101
permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 eq 23
Type code access list 201
permit 0x6001 0x0000
Type code access list 202
permit 0x6004 0x0000
deny 0x0000 0xFFFF
For information on how to configure access lists, refer to the Communication Server Configuration Guide.
access-list
Use the show arp EXEC command to display the entries in the ARP table for the communication server.
show arpThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
The following is sample output from the show arp command:
cs# show arp
Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface
Table 1-6 describes significant fields shown in the first line of output in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Protocol | Indicates the type of network address this entry includes. |
| Address | Network address that is mapped to the MAC address in this entry. |
| Age (min) | Indicates the interval (in minutes) since this entry was entered in the table, rather than the interval since the entry was last used. (The timeout value is 4 hours.) |
| Hardware Addr | MAC address mapped to the network address in this entry. |
| Type | Indicates the encapsulation type the communication server is using for the network address in this entry. Possible values include:
|
|
Interface | Indicates the interface associated with this network address. |
Use the show hosts EXEC command to display the default domain name, the style of name lookup service, a list of name server hosts, and the cached list of host names and addresses.
show hostsThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
The following is sample output from the show hosts command:
cs# show hosts
Default domain is CISCO.COM
Hame/address lookup uses domain service
Hame servers are 255.255.255.255
Host Flag Age Type Address(es)
SLAG.CISCO.COM (temp, OK) 1 IP 131.108.4.10
CHAR.CISCO.COM (temp, OK) 8 IP 192.31.7.50
CHAOS.CISCO.COM (temp, OK) 8 IP 131.108.1.115
DIRT.CISCO.COM (temp, EX) 8 IP 131.108.1.111
DUSTBIN.CISCO.COM (temp, EX) 0 IP 131.108.1.27
DREGS.CISCO.COM (temp, EX) 24 IP 131.108.1.30
Table 1-7 describes significant fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Flag | A temp entry is entered by a name server; the communication server removes the entry after 72 hours of inactivity. A perm entry is entered by a configuration command and is not timed out. Entries marked OK are believed to be valid. Entries marked ?? are considered suspect and subject to revalidation. Entries marked EX are expired. |
| Age | Indicates the number of hours since the communication server last referred to the cache entry. |
| Type | Identifies the type of address, for example, IP or X.121. If you have used the ip hp-host global configuration command, the show hosts command will display these host names as type HP-IP. |
| Address(es) | Shows the address of the host. One host may have up to eight addresses. |
clear host
Use the show ip accounting EXEC command to display the active accounting or checkpointed database.
show ip accounting [checkpoint]| checkpoint | (Optional.) Indicates that the checkpointed database should be displayed. |
EXEC
Following is sample output from the show ip accounting command:
cs# show ip accounting
Source Destination Packets Bytes
131.108.19.40 192.67.67.20 7 306
131.108.13.55 192.67.67.20 67 2749
131.108.2.50 192.12.33.51 17 1111
131.108.2.50 130.93.2.1 5 319
131.108.2.50 130.93.1.2 463 30991
131.108.19.40 130.93.2.1 4 262
131.108.19.40 130.93.1.2 28 2552
131.108.20.2 128.18.6.100 39 2184
131.108.13.55 130.93.1.2 35 3020
131.108.19.40 192.12.33.51 1986 95091
131.108.2.50 192.67.67.20 233 14908
131.108.13.28 192.67.67.53 390 24817
131.108.13.55 192.12.33.51 214669 9806659
131.108.13.111 128.18.6.23 27739 1126607
131.108.13.44 192.12.33.51 35412 1523980
192.31.7.21 130.93.1.2 11 824
131.108.13.28 192.12.33.2 21 1762
131.108.2.166 192.31.7.130 797 141054
131.108.3.11 192.67.67.53 4 246
192.31.7.21 192.12.33.51 15696 695635
192.31.7.24 192.67.67.20 21 916
131.108.13.111 128.18.10.1 16 1137
Table 1-8 describes significant fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Source | Source address of the packet. |
| Destination | Destination address of the packet. |
| Packets | Number of packets transmitted from the source address to the destination address. |
| Bytes | Number of bytes transmitted from the source address to the destination address. |
clear ip accounting
ip accounting
ip accounting-list
ip accounting-threshold
ip accounting-transits
Use the show ip aliases EXEC command to display the communication server's Internet addresses mapped to TCP ports (aliases) and SLIP addresses, which are treated similarly to aliases.
show ip aliasesThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
To distinguish a SLIP address from a normal alias address, the command output uses the form SLIP TTY1 for the "port" number, where 1 is the auxiliary port.
The following is sample output from the show ip aliases command:
cs# show ip aliases
IP Address Port
131.108.29.245 SLIP TTY1
The display lists the IP address and corresponding port number.
A dagger (+) indicates that the command is documented in another chapter.
show line +
Use the show ip arp EXEC command to display the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache, where SLIP addresses appear as permanent ARP table entries.
show ip arpThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
ARP establishes correspondences between network addresses (an IP address, for example) and LAN hardware addresses (Ethernet addresses). A record of each correspondence is kept in a cache for a predetermined amount of time and then discarded.
The following is sample output from the show ip arp command:
cs# show ip arp
Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface
Internet 131.108.62.192 187 0800.2010.a3b6 ARPA Ethernet0
Table 1-9 describes significant fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Protocol | Protocol for network address in the Address field. |
| Address | The network address that corresponds to Hardware Addr. |
| Age (min) | Age, in minutes, of the cache entry. |
| Hardware Addr | LAN hardware address a MAC address that corresponds to network address. |
| Type | Type of encapsulation:
|
|
Interface | Interface to which this address mapping has been assigned. |
Use the show ip interface EXEC command to display the usability status of interfaces.
show ip interface [interface unit]| interface unit | (Optional.) Used to display information for a particular interface. For example, e 0 specifies the first Ethernet interface; e 1 specifies the second Ethernet interface. You must specify both the interface type and unit number. |
EXEC
A communication server automatically enters a directly connected route in the routing table if the interface is usable. A usable interface is one through which the communication server can send and receive packets. If the communication server determines that an interface is not usable, it removes the directly connected routing entry from the routing table. Removing the entry allows the communication server to use dynamic routing protocols to determine backup routes to the network (if any).
If the interface can provide two-way communication, the line protocol is marked "up." If the interface hardware is usable, the interface is marked "up."
If you specify an optional interface type, you will see only information on that specific interface.
If you specify no optional parameters you will see information on all the interfaces.
The following is sample output from the show ip interface command:
cs# show ip interface
Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 192.54.222.2, subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
Broadcast address is 192.54.222.0
Address determined by non-volatile memory
MTU is 1500 bytes
Helper address is 192.52.71.4
Secondary address 131.192.115.2, subnet mask 255.255.255.0
Outgoing access list is not set
Proxy ARP is enabled
Security level is default
Split horizon is enabled
ICMP redirects are always sent
ICMP unreachables are always sent
ICMP mask replies are never sent
Gateway Discovery is disabled
IP accounting is disabled
TCP/IP header compression is disabled
Probe proxy name replies are disabled
Table 1-10 describes significant fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Ethernet 0 is up | If the interface hardware is usable, the interface is marked "up." For an interface to be usable, both the interface hardware and line protocol must be up. |
| line protocol is up | If the interface can provide two-way communication, the line protocol is marked "up." For an interface to be usable, both the interface hardware and line protocol must be up. |
| Broadcast address | Shows the broadcast address. |
| Helper address | Specifies a helper address, if one has been set. |
| Outgoing access list | Indicates whether or not the interface has an outgoing access list set. |
| Proxy ARP | Indicates whether Proxy ARP is enabled for the interface. |
| Security level | Specifies the IPSO security level set for this interface. |
| ICMP redirects | Specifies whether redirects will be sent on this interface. |
| ICMP unreachables | Specifies whether unreachable messages will be sent on this interface. |
| ICMP mask replies | Specifies whether mask replies will be sent on this interface. |
| Gateway Discovery | Specifies whether the discovery process has been enabled for this interface. It is generally disabled on serial interfaces, such as this one. |
| IP accounting | Specifies whether IP accounting is enabled for this interface and what the threshold (maximum number of entries) is. |
| TCP/IP header compression | Indicates whether compression is enabled or disabled. |
| Probe proxy name | Indicates whether HP Probe proxy name replies are generated. |
Use the show ip masks EXEC command to display the masks used for network addresses and the number of subnets using each mask.
show ip masks address| address | Network address for which a mask is required. |
EXEC
The show ip masks command is useful for debugging when variable-length subnet masks (VLSM) are used. It shows the number of masks associated with the network and the number of routes for each mask.
The following is sample output from the show ip masks command:
cs# show ip masks 131.108.0.0
Mask Reference count
255.255.255.255 2
255.255.255.0 3
255.255.0.0 1
Use the show ip redirects EXEC command to display the address of a default gateway (communication server).
show ip redirectsThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
The following is sample output from the show ip redirects command:
cs# show ip redirects
Default gateway is 160.89.80.29
Host Gateway Last Use Total Uses Interface
131.108.1.111 160.89.80.240 0:00 9 Ethernet0
128.95.1.4 160.89.80.240 0:00 4 Ethernet0
cs#
ip redirects
Use the show ip route EXEC command to display the current state of the routing table.
show ip route [address [mask] | protocol | summary] [process-id]]| address | (Optional.) Address about which routing information should be displayed. |
| mask | (Optional.) Argument for a subnet mask. |
| protocol | (Optional.) Argument for a particular routing protocol, or static or connected. |
| summary | Summary information about all routes. |
| process-id | (Optional.) Identifies the particular routing protocol process. |
EXEC
The following is sample output from the show ip route command:
cs# show ip route 160.89.6.0
Routing entry for 160.89.6.0 (mask 255.255.255.0)
Known via "connected", distance 0, metric 0 (connected)
Tag 0
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* directly connected, via Ethernet1
Route metric is 0, traffic share count is 1
cs#
Table 1-11 describes the significant field shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Mask | Network mask associated with the route. |
| Connected | Routing protocol name, or connected or static. |
| Distance | Administrative distance. |
| Metric | Route metric that was either configured or learned from the particular route. |
| Routing Descriptor Blocks | Up to 4: Indicates the IP address of the next hop or the interface to which the particular route is connected. |
| * | Round-robin pointer. It indicates the last path used when a packet was forwarded. The pointer applies to nonfast-switched packets only. The asterisk gives no indication as to which path will be used next when forwarding a nonfast-switched packet except when the paths are of equal cost. |
Use the show ip tcp header-compression EXEC command to display statistics on TCP header compression.
show ip tcp header-compressionThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
The following is sample output from the show ip tcp header-compression command:
cs# show ip tcp header-compression
TCP/IP header compression statistics:
Interface Serial1: (passive, compressing)
Rcvd: 4060 total, 2891 compressed, 0 errors
0 dropped, 1 buffer copies, 0 buffer failures
Sent: 4284 total, 3224 compressed,
105295 bytes saved, 661973 bytes sent
1.15 efficiency improvement factor
Connect: 16 slots, 1543 long searches, 2 misses, 99% hit ratio
Five minute miss rate 0 misses/sec, 0 max misses/sec
Table 1-12 describes significant fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Rcvd: | |
| total | Total number of TCP packets received. |
| compressed | Total number of TCP packets compressed. |
| errors | Unknown packets. |
| dropped | Number of packets dropped due to invalid compression. |
| buffer copies | Number of packets that had to be copied into bigger buffers for decompression. |
| buffer failures | Number of packets dropped due to a lack of buffers. |
| Sent: | |
| total | Total number of TCP packets sent. |
| compressed | Total number of TCP packets compressed. |
| bytes saved | Number of bytes reduced. |
| bytes sent | Number of bytes sent. |
| efficiency improvement factor | Improvement in line efficiency because of TCP header compression. |
| Connect: | |
| number of slots | Size of the cache. |
| long searches | Indicates the number of times the software had to look to find a match. |
| misses | Indicates the number of times a match could not be made. If your output shows a large miss rate, then the number of allowable simultaneous compression connections may be too small. |
| hit ratio | Percentage of times the software found a match and was able to compress the header. |
| Five minute miss rate | Calculates the miss rate over the previous 5 minutes for a longer-term (and more accurate) look at miss rate trends. |
| 0 max misses/sec | Maximum value of the previous field. |
ip tcp header-compression
Use the show ip traffic EXEC command to display IP protocol statistics.
show ip trafficThis command has no arguments or keywords.
EXEC
The following is sample output from the show ip traffic command:
cs# show ip traffic
IP statistics:
Rcvd: 98 total, 98 local destination
0 format errors, 0 checksum errors, 0 bad hop count
0 unknown protocol, 0 not a gateway
0 security failures, 0 bad options
Frags: 0 reassembled, 0 timeouts, 0 too big
0 fragmented, 0 couldn't fragment
Bcast: 38 received, 52 sent
Sent: 44 generated, 0 forwarded
0 encapsulation failed, 0 no route
ICMP statistics:
Rcvd: 0 checksum errors, 0 redirects, 0 unreachable, 0 echo
0 echo reply, 0 mask requests, 0 mask replies, 0 quench
0 parameter, 0 timestamp, 0 info request, 0 other
Sent: 0 redirects, 3 unreachable, 0 echo, 0 echo reply
0 mask requests, 0 mask replies, 0 quench, 0 timestamp
0 info reply, 0 time exceeded, 0 parameter problem
UDP statistics:
Rcvd: 56 total, 0 checksum errors, 55 no port
Sent: 18 total, 0 forwarded broadcasts
TCP statistics:
Rcvd: 0 total, 0 checksum errors, 0 no port
Sent: 0 total
EGP statistics:
Rcvd: 0 total, 0 format errors, 0 checksum errors, 0 no listener
Sent: 0 total
IGRP statistics:
Rcvd: 73 total, 0 checksum errors
Sent: 26 total
HELLO statistics:
Rcvd: 0 total, 0 checksum errors
Sent: 0 total
ARP statistics:
Rcvd: 20 requests, 17 replies, 0 reverse, 0 other
Sent: 0 requests, 9 replies (0 proxy), 0 reverse
Probe statistics:
Rcvd: 6 address requests, 0 address replies
0 proxy name requests, 0 other
Sent: 0 address requests, 4 address replies (0 proxy)
0 proxy name replies
Table 1-13 describes significant fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| format errors | A gross error in the packet format, such as an impossible Internet header length. |
| bad hop count | Occurs when a packet is discarded because its time-to-live (TTL) field was decremented to zero. |
| encapsulation failed | Usually indicates that the communication server had no ARP request entry and therefore did not send a datagram. |
| no route | Counted when the communication server discards a datagram it did not know how to route. |
| proxy name reply | Counted when the communication server sends an ARP or Probe Reply on behalf of another host. The display shows the number of probe proxy requests that have been received and the number of responses that have been sent. |
Use the trace privileged EXEC command to discover the routes the communication server's packets will actually take when traveling to their destination.
trace [destination]| destination | (Optional.) Destination address or host name on the command line. The default parameters for the appropriate protocol are assumed and the tracing action begins. |
Privileged EXEC
The trace command works by taking advantage of the error messages generated by communication servers when a datagram exceeds its time-to-live (TTL) value.
The trace command starts by sending probe datagrams with a TTL value of one. This causes the first communication server to discard the probe datagram and send back an error message. The trace command sends several probes at each TTL level and displays the round-trip time for each.
The trace command sends out one probe at a time. Each outgoing packet may result in one or two error messages. A time exceeded error message indicates that an intermediate communication server has seen and discarded the probe. A destination unreachable error message indicates that the destination node has received the probe and discarded it because it could not deliver the packet. If the timer goes off before a response comes in, trace prints an asterisk (*).
The trace command terminates when the destination responds, when the maximum TTL is exceeded, or when the user interrupts the trace with the escape sequence. By default, to invoke the escape sequence, press Ctrl-^ X, which is done by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl, Shift, and 6 keys, letting go, then pressing the X key.
To use nondefault parameters and invoke an extended trace test, enter the command without a destination argument. You will be stepped through a dialog to select the desired parameters.
Due to bugs in the IP implementation of various hosts and communication servers, the IP trace command may behave in odd ways.
Not all destinations will respond correctly to a probe message by sending back an ICMP port unreachable message. A long sequence of TTL levels with only asterisks, terminating only when the maximum TTL has been reached, may indicate this problem.
There is a known problem with the way some hosts handle an ICMP TTL exceeded message. Some hosts generate an ICMP message but they reuse the TTL of the incoming packet. Since this is zero, the ICMP packets do not make it back. When you trace the path to such a host, you may see a set of TTL values with asterisks (*). Eventually the TTL gets high enough that the ICMP message can get back. For example, if the host is six hops away, trace will time out on responses 6 through 11.
The following display shows sample IP trace output when a destination host name has been specified:
cs# trace ABA.NYC.mil
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to ABA.NYC.mil (26.0.0.73)
1 DEBRIS.CISCO.COM (131.108.1.6) 1000 msec 8 msec 4 msec
2 BARRNET-GW.CISCO.COM (131.108.16.2) 8 msec 8 msec 8 msec
3 EXTERNAL-A-GATEWAY.STANFORD.EDU (192.42.110.225) 8 msec 4 msec 4 msec
4 BB2.SU.BARRNET.NET (131.119.254.6) 8 msec 8 msec 8 msec
5 SU.ARC.BARRNET.NET (131.119.3.8) 12 msec 12 msec 8 msec
6 MOFFETT-FLD-MB.in.MIL (192.52.195.1) 216 msec 120 msec 132 msec
7 ABA.NYC.mil (26.0.0.73) 412 msec 628 msec 664 msec
Table 1-14 describes the fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Indicates the sequence number of the communication server in the path to the host. |
| DEBRIS.CISCO.COM | Host name of this communication server. |
| 131.108.1.61 | Internet address of this communication server. |
| 1000 msec 8 msec 4 msec | Round-trip time for each of the three probes that are sent. |
The following display shows a sample trace session involving the extended dialog of the trace command.
cs# trace
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: mit.edu
Source address:
Numeric display [n]:
Timeout in seconds [3]:
Probe count [3]:
Minimum Time to Live [1]:
Maximum Time to Live [30]:
Port Number [33434]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]:
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to MIT.EDU (18.72.2.1)
1 ICM-DC-2-V1.ICP.NET (192.108.209.17) 72 msec 72 msec 88 msec
2 ICM-FIX-E-H0-T3.ICP.NET (192.157.65.122) 80 msec 128 msec 80 msec
3 192.203.229.246 540 msec 88 msec 84 msec
4 T3-2.WASHINGTON-DC-CNSS58.T3.ANS.NET (140.222.58.3) 84 msec 116 msec 88 msec
5 T3-3.WASHINGTON-DC-CNSS56.T3.ANS.NET (140.222.56.4) 80 msec 132 msec 88 msec
6 T3-0.NEW-YORK-CNSS32.T3.ANS.NET (140.222.32.1) 92 msec 132 msec 88 msec
7 T3-0.HARTFORD-CNSS48.T3.ANS.NET (140.222.48.1) 88 msec 88 msec 88 msec
8 T3-0.HARTFORD-CNSS49.T3.ANS.NET (140.222.49.1) 96 msec 104 msec 96 msec
9 T3-0.ENSS134.T3.ANS.NET (140.222.134.1) 92 msec 128 msec 92 msec
12 MIT.EDU (18.72.2.1) 96 msec 92 msec 96 msec
Table 1-15 describes the fields that are unique to the extended trace sequence, as shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Target IP address | You must enter a host name or an IP address. There is no default. |
| Source address | One of the interface addresses of the communication server to use as a source address for the probes. The communication server will normally pick what it feels is the best source address to use. |
| Numeric display | The default is to have both a symbolic and numeric display; however, you can suppress the symbolic display. |
| Timeout in seconds | The number of seconds to wait for a response to a probe packet. The default is 3 seconds. |
| Probe count | The number of probes to be sent at each TTL level. The default count is 3. |
| Minimum Time to Live [1] | The TTL value for the first probes. The default is 1, but it can be set to a higher value to suppress the display of known hops. |
| Maximum Time to Live [30] | The largest TTL value that can be used. The default is 30. The trace command terminates when the destination is reached or when this value is reached. |
| Port Number | The destination port used by the UDP probe messages. The default is 33434. |
| Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose | IP header options. You may specify any combination. The trace command issues prompts for the required fields. Note that trace will place the requested options in each probe; however, there is no guarantee that all communication servers (or end nodes) will process the options. |
| Loose Source Routing | Allows you to specify a list of nodes that must be traversed when going to the destination. |
| Strict Source Routing | Allows you to specify a list of nodes that must be the only nodes traversed when going to the destination. |
| Record | Allows you to specify the number of hops to leave room for. |
| Timestamp | Allows you to specify the number of time stamps to leave room for. |
| Verbose | If you select any option, the verbose mode is automatically selected and trace prints the contents of the option field in any incoming packets. You can prevent verbose mode by selecting it again, toggling its current setting. |
Table 1-16 describes the characters that can appear in trace output.
| Char | Description |
|---|---|
| nn msec | For each node, the round-trip time in milliseconds for the specified number of probes. |
| * | The probe timed out. |
| ? | Unknown packet type. |
| Q | Source quench. |
| P | Protocol unreachable. |
| N | Network unreachable. |
| U | Port unreachable. |
| H | Host unreachable. |
trace (unprivileged)
Use the trace EXEC command to discover the IP routes the communication server's packets will actually take when traveling to their destination.
trace ip destination| destination | Destination address or host name on the command line. The default parameters for the appropriate protocol are assumed and the tracing action begins. |
EXEC
The trace command works by taking advantage of the error messages generated by communication servers when a datagram exceeds its time-to-live (TTL) value.
The trace command starts by sending probe datagrams with a TTL value of one. This causes the first communication server to discard the probe datagram and send back an error message. The trace command sends several probes at each TTL level and displays the round-trip time for each.
The trace command sends out one probe at a time. Each outgoing packet may result in one or two error messages. A time exceeded error message indicates that an intermediate communication server has seen and discarded the probe. A destination unreachable error message indicates that the destination node has received the probe and discarded it because it could not deliver the packet. If the timer goes off before a response comes in, trace prints an asterisk (*).
The trace command terminates when the destination responds, when the maximum TTL is exceeded, or when the user interrupts the trace with the escape sequence. By default, to invoke the escape sequence, press Ctrl-^ X, which is done by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl, Shift, and 6 keys, letting go, then pressing the X key.
Due to bugs in the IP implementation of various hosts and communication servers, the IP trace command may behave in odd ways.
Not all destinations will respond correctly to a probe message by sending back an ICMP port unreachable message. A long sequence of TTL levels with only asterisks, terminating only when the maximum TTL has been reached, may indicate this problem.
There is a known problem with the way some hosts handle an ICMP TTL exceeded message. Some hosts generate an ICMP message but they reuse the TTL of the incoming packet. Since this is zero, the ICMP packets do not make it back. When you trace the path to such a host, you may see a set of TTL values with asterisks (*). Eventually the TTL gets high enough that the ICMP message can get back. For example, if the host is six hops away, trace will time out on responses 6 through 11.
The following display shows sample IP trace output when a destination host name has been specified:
cs# trace ip ABA.NYC.mil
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to ABA.NYC.mil (26.0.0.73)
1 DEBRIS.CISCO.COM (131.108.1.6) 1000 msec 8 msec 4 msec
2 BARRNET-GW.CISCO.COM (131.108.16.2) 8 msec 8 msec 8 msec
3 EXTERNAL-A-GATEWAY.STANFORD.EDU (192.42.110.225) 8 msec 4 msec 4 msec
4 BB2.SU.BARRNET.NET (131.119.254.6) 8 msec 8 msec 8 msec
5 SU.ARC.BARRNET.NET (131.119.3.8) 12 msec 12 msec 8 msec
6 MOFFETT-FLD-MB.in.MIL (192.52.195.1) 216 msec 120 msec 132 msec
7 ABA.NYC.mil (26.0.0.73) 412 msec 628 msec 664 msec
Table 1-17 describes the fields shown in the display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Indicates the sequence number of the communication server in the path to the host. |
| DEBRIS.CISCO.COM | Host name of this communication server. |
| 131.108.1.61 | Internet address of this communication server. |
| 1000 msec 8 msec 4 msec | Round-trip time for each of the three probes that are sent. |
Table 1-18 describes the characters that can appear in trace output.
| Char | Description |
|---|---|
| nn msec | For each node, the round-trip time in milliseconds for the specified number of probes. |
| * | The probe timed out. |
| ? | Unknown packet type. |
| Q | Source quench. |
| P | Protocol unreachable. |
| N | Network unreachable. |
| U | Port unreachable. |
| H | Host unreachable. |
trace (privileged)
|
|