Network Working Group L. Slutsman, Editor
Request for Comments: 3136 AT&T Labs
Category: Informational I. Faynberg
H. Lu
M. Weissman
Lucent Technologies
June 2001
The SPIRITS Architecture
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes the architecture for supporting SPIRITS
services, which are those originating in the PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network)and necessitating the interactions between the PSTN
and the Internet. (Internet Call Waiting, Internet Caller-ID
Delivery, and Internet Call Forwarding are examples of SPIRIT
services.) Specifically, it defines the components constituting the
architecture and the interfaces between the components.
This document describes the architecture for supporting SPIRITS
services, which are those originating in the PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network) and necessitating the interactions between the
PSTN and the Internet. (Internet Call Waiting, Internet Caller-ID
Delivery, and Internet Call Forwarding are examples of SPIRIT
services.) Specifically, it defines the components constituting the
architecture and the interfaces between the components.
The rest of the document is organized as follows:
+ Section 2 describes example SPIRITS services from the end-user
point of view;
+ Section 3 describes the SPIRITS architecture;
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
+ Section 4 contains security considerations;
+ Section 5 contains acknowledgments;
+ Section 6 contains references; and
+ Appendix contains the figure.
To illustrate the motivation for the overall SPIRIT architecture,
this section provides a brief description of the example SPIRITS
services:
+ Internet Call Waiting (ICW),
+ Internet Caller-ID Delivery, and
+ Internet Call Forwarding.
These services are considered from the end-user point of view under
the assumptions below:
+ Service subscription (or cancellation) is a separate process and
may be done over the telephone, via postal mail, or over the Web.
+ The subscriber's IP host (e.g., a PC) is loaded with the necessary
software [including a Personal Identification Number (PIN) and the
IP addresses of the SPIRITS servers] for realizing the SPIRITS
services. The software may be sent by postal mail or downloaded
from the Web.
+ The subscriber activates a SPIRITS service by an act of service
session registration, which can take place anytime after he (or
she) is connected to the Internet. The subscriber may specify the
life span of the session. As soon as the session ends, the
SPIRITS service is deactivated. Naturally, the subscriber should
also be able to deactivate a SPIRITS service anytime during the
service session.
For certain services (such as ICW or Caller-ID Delivery) the
assumption is that the service subscriber has a single telephone line
and a PC, which is connected to the Internet via this telephone.
(Only under this assumption these services make sense.)
Nevertheless, in other services (such as Web-based Call Center, in
which a call center assistant could re-direct or reject a call
presented in a pop-up window) this assumption may be unnecessary or
even inapplicable.
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 2]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
The Internet call waiting service enables a subscriber engaged in an
Internet dial-up session to
o be notified of an incoming call to the very same telephone line
that is being used for the Internet connection;
o specify the desirable treatment of the call; and
o have the call handled as specified.
The details of the ICW service lie in the ways that a waiting call
can be treated [1]. Typical ways for handling a call include:
+ Accept the incoming call over the PSTN by terminating the Internet
connection. (As switching cannot be done immediately, the caller
may hear an opening announcement followed by the "ringing" tone.)
+ Forward the incoming call to another telephone number. The
subscriber will remain connected to the Internet, while the caller
will hear an announcement indicating the call is being forwarded
and eventually be connected to the new destination number.
+ Accept the incoming call by voice over IP. The subscriber will
answer the incoming call via the already established Internet
connection. (The proposed SPIRITS architecture, however, does not
reflect this feature.)
+ Redirect the incoming call to voice mail. The subscriber will
remain connected to the Internet, while the caller will hear an
announcement inviting him (or her) to leave a message.
+ Play a pre-recorded message to the calling party and disconnect
the call. The subscriber will remain connected to the Internet.
+ Reject the incoming call. The subscriber will remain connected to
the Internet, while the caller will hear an announcement rejecting
the call.
The subscriber may specify the call treatment on the fly when
notified of an incoming call. Alternatively, the subscriber may
specify a priori a general treatment for all calls (e.g., re-directed
to voice mail) or call treatments tailored to the origination
numbers. As a result, when a call comes in, the subscriber won't be
presented the call but can examine afterwards the treatment and
outcome of the call from the log that is kept for all the calls
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 3]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
processed during the ICW service. Typical information recorded in
the log includes the incoming call date and time, calling party
number, calling party name, and call disposition.
This service allows the subscriber to see the caller's number or name
or both while being connected to the Internet. If the subscriber has
only one telephone line and is using the very line for the Internet
connection, the service is a subset of the ICW service and follows
the relevant description in Section 2.1. Otherwise, the subscriber's
IP host serves as an auxiliary device of the telephone to which the
call is first sent.
The Internet call forwarding service allows a service subscriber to
forward an incoming call to another telephone number while being
connected to the Internet. If the subscriber has only one telephone
line and is using the very line for the Internet connection, the
service is a subset of the ICW service and follows the relevant
description in Section 2.1. Otherwise, the subscriber's IP host
serves as an auxiliary device of the telephone to which the call is
first sent.
Figure 1 of the Appendix depicts the SPIRITS architecture, which
includes the following entities:
1. Service Control Function (SCF) [2], which executes service logic,
interacts with the entities in the IP domain (e.g., the SPIRITS
Gateway and PINT Server) through the SPIRITS Client, and instructs
the switches on how to complete a call. Physically, the SCF may
be located in either stand-alone general-purpose computers called
Service Control Points (SCPs) or specialized pieces of equipment
called Service Nodes (SNs) [2].
2. Service Switching Function (SSF) [2], which normally resides in a
switch and is responsible for the recognition of Intelligent
Network (IN) triggers and interactions with the SCF.
3. SPIRITS Client, which is responsible for receiving PSTN requests
from the SCF as well as sending responses back. It may be co-
located with the SCF. If not, it communicates with the SCF over
the D interface.
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 4]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
4. PINT Server, which receives PINT requests from the PINT Client and
relays them to the PSTN for execution over the E interface.
5. SPIRITS Gateway, which is co-located with the PINT Server or PINT
Gateway (or both when they are co-located as assumed here for
simplicity) and serves as an intermediary between the SPIRITS
Server and SPRITS Client via the B and C interfaces, respectively.
6. PINT Client, which resides in the subscriber's IP host and is
responsible for initiating PINT requests, which are sent to the
PINT server over the A interface.
7. SPIRITS Server, which terminates PSTN requests and is responsible
for all interactions (e.g., incoming call notification and
relaying the call treatment) between the subscriber and the
SPIRITS Gateway.
The rest of the Section describes the interfaces between the entities
in detail.
This interface is used for sending PINT requests to PINT Server. Its
principal use is for service session registration and as a result
activation of a SPIRITS service (see Section 2). In addition, this
interface may be used for service subscription.
This interface serves two main purposes: 1) to notify the subscriber
of incoming calls together with the calling number and name, if
available; and 2) to send to the SPRITS Gateway the subscriber's
choice of call disposition specified on the fly.
This interface is used for communications between the SPIRITS Client
and SPIRITS Gateway. The SPIRITS Gateway may in turn communicate
with the SPIRITS Server, or may act as a virtual server, terminating
the requests without sending them down to the SPIRITS Server.
This interface is for communications between the SPIRITS Client and
the SCF. Specifically, from the SCF to the SPIRITS Client, the
parameters associated with the applicable IN triggers are sent. From
the SPIRITS Client to SCF, the subscriber's call disposition is sent.
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 5]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
The SCF "transforms" the user's disposition into appropriate actions,
such as playing an announcement to the caller, and resuming the
suspended call processing in the SSP.
As Figure 1 demonstrates, there are two distinct communications
interfaces, B and C. The B interface is, in general, across the
public Internet and is thus most vulnerable to security attacks
resulting in theft or denial of service. The C interface, on the
other hand is likely to be implemented across a service provider's
intranet, where the security measures should be applied at the
discretion of the service provider. Even then, because at least one
IP host (the PINT gateway) is connected to the Internet, special
measures (e.g., installation of firewalls, although this particular
measure alone may be insufficient) need to be taken to protect the
interface C and the rest of the network from security attacks.
The assumption that the PINT Client and SPIRITS server are co-
located, dictates that the security considerations for the A and B
interfaces are exactly the same. Detailed security requirements and
solutions for interface A (and, consequently, B) can be found in RFC
2848 [3]. In addition, security requirements are listed in the
companion SPIRITS Protocol Requirements RFC.
We would like to thank Alec Brusilovsky, Jorgen Bjorkner, Scott
Bradner, Jim Buller, Lawrence Conroy, Jorge Gato, Dave Hewins, Naoto
Makinae, and Dave Shrader for their comments and input.
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 6]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
[1] Lu, H., Editor, Faynberg, I., Voelker, J., Weissman, M., Zhang,
W., Rhim, S., Hwang, J., Ago, S., Moeenuddin, S., Hadvani, S.,
Nyckelgard, S., Yoakum, J. and L. Robart, "Pre-SPIRITS
Implementations of PSTN-Initiated Services", RFC 2995, November
2000.
[2] Faynberg, I., L. Gabuzda, M. Kaplan, and N.Shah, "The Intelligent
Network Standards: Their Application to Services", McGraw-Hill,
1997.
[3] Petrack, S. and L. Conroy, "The PINT Service Protocol: Extensions
to SIP and SDP for IP Access to Telephone Call Services", RFC
2848, June 2000.
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 7]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
Appendix
......................
+----------------+ . .
| +------------+ | . +------------+ .
| | | | A . | | .
| | PINT Client|********************|PINT Server/|********
| | | | . Gateway | *
| +------------+ | . +------------+ . *
| | . . *
| Subscriber's | . . *
| | . . *
| IP Host | . . *
| | . +------------+ . *
| +------------+ | . | SPIRITS | . *
| | SPIRITS | | B . | Gateway | . *
| | Server |********************| | . * E
| | | | . +------------+ . *
| +------------+ | . * . *
+----------------+ . * . *
...........*.......... *
//-------\\ * *
/// \\\ * *
| Subscriber's | * C *
| Telephone | * *
\\\ /// * *
\\ -------// * *
* * *
* * *
++++++++++++++++++++++++++ PSTN ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
* * *
* * *
* +------------------+ *
* Line | SPIRITS Client | *
* | | *
+--------------------+ +---+----- D ---------+-*+
| | INAP/SS7 | |
|Service Switching ************Service Control Function |
| Function | | |
| | +-------------------------+
| |
| |
+--------------------+
Figure 1: SPIRITS Architecture
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 8]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
Authors' Addresses
Igor Faynberg
Lucent Technologies
Room 4D-601A
101 Crawfords Corner Road
Holmdel, NJ 07733-3030 US
Phone: +1 732 949 0137
EMail: faynberg@lucent.com
Hui-Lan Lu
Lucent Technologies Room 4C-607A
101 Crawfords Corner Road
Holmdel, NJ 07733-3030 US
Phone: +1 732 949 0321
EMail: huilanlu@lucent.com
Mark Weissman
Lucent Technologies
Room NE406B
200 Lucent Lane
Cary, NC 27511
Phone: +1 919 463 3258
EMail: maw1@lucent.com
Lev Slutsman
AT&T Labs
Room D5-3D26
200 Laurel Avenue
Middletown, NJ 07748
Phone: 732-420-3756
EMail: lslutsman@att.com
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 9]
RFC 3136 The SPIRITS Architecture June 2001
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Slutsman, et al. Informational [Page 10]