9.1.2.1 EXIT

The EXIT trap, when set, will run its code when the function or script within which it was set exits. Here's a simple example:

function func {
    print 'start of the function'
    trap 'print /'exiting from the function/'' EXIT
}

print 'start of the script'
trap 'print /'exiting from the script/'' EXIT
func

If you run this script, you will see this output:

start of the script
start of the function
exiting from the function
exiting from the script

In other words, the script starts by printing a message. Then it sets the trap for its own exit, then calls the function. The function does the same-prints a message and sets a trap for its exit. (Remember that functions can have their own local traps that supersede any traps set by the surrounding script.)

The function then exits, which causes the shell to send it the fake signal EXIT, which in turn runs the code print ' exiting from the function ' . Then the script exits, and its own EXIT trap code is run.

An EXIT trap occurs no matter how the script or function exits-whether normally (by finishing the last statement), by an explicit exit or return statement, or by receiving a "real" signal such as INT or TERM. Consider the following inane number-guessing program:

trap 'print /'Thank you for playing!/'' EXIT

magicnum=$(($RANDOM%10+1))
print 'Guess a number between 1 and 10:'
while read guess'?number> '; do
    sleep 10
    if (( $guess == $magicnum )); then
        print 'Right!'
        exit
    fi
    print 'Wrong!'
done

This program picks a number between 1 and 10 by getting a random number (the built-in variable RANDOM ), extracting the last digit (the remainder when divided by 10), and adding 1. Then it prompts you for a guess, and after 10 seconds, it will tell you if you guessed right.

If you did, the program will exit with the message, "Thank you for playing!", i.e., it will run the EXIT trap code. If you were wrong, it will prompt you again and repeat the process until you get it right. If you get bored with this little game and hit [CTRL-C] while waiting for it to tell you whether you were right, you will also see the message.

9.1.2.2 ERR

The fake signal ERR enables you to run code whenever a command in the surrounding script or function exits with non-zero status. Trap code for ERR can take advantage of the built-in variable ? , which holds the exit status of the previous command. It "survives" the trap and is accessible at the beginning of the trap-handling code.

A simple but effective use of this is to put the following code into a script you want to debug:

function errtrap {
    es=$?
    print "ERROR: Command exited with status $es."
}

trap errtrap ERR

The first line saves the non-zero exit status in the variable es . This code enables you to see which command in your script exits with error status and what the status is.

For example, if the shell can't find a command, it returns status 1. If you put the code in a script with a line of gibberish (like "lskdjfafd"), the shell will respond with:

scriptname

[

N

]: lskdjfafd:  not found
ERROR: command exited with status 1.

N is the number of the line in the script that contains the bad command. In this case, the shell prints the line number as part of its own error-reporting mechanism, since the error was a command that the shell could not find. But if the non-0 exit status comes from another program, the shell won't report the line number. For example:

function errtrap {
    es=$?
    print "ERROR: Command exited with status $es."
}

trap errtrap ERR

function bad {
    return 17
}

bad

This will only print, ERROR: Command exited with status 17.

It would obviously be an improvement to include the line number in this error message. The built-in variable LINENO exists, but if you use it inside a function, it evaluates to the line number in the function, not in the overall file. In other words, if you used $LINENO in the print statement in the errtrap routine, it would always evaluate to 2.

To get around this problem, we simply pass $LINENO as an argument to the trap handler, surrounding it in single quotes so that it doesn't get evaluated until the fake signal actually comes in:

function errtrap {
    es=$?
    print "ERROR line $1: Command exited with status $es."
}
trap 'errtrap $LINENO' ERR
...

If you use this with the above example, the result is the message, ERROR line 12: Command exited with status 17. This is much more useful. We'll see a variation on this technique shortly.

This simple code is actually not a bad all-purpose debugging mechanism. It takes into account that a non-0 exit status does not necessarily indicate an undesirable condition or event: remember that every control construct with a conditional ( if , while , etc.) uses a non-0 exit status to mean "false". Accordingly, the shell doesn't generate ERR traps when statements or expressions in the "condition" parts of control structures produce non-0 exit statuses.

But a disadvantage is that exit statuses are not as uniform (or even as meaningful) as they should be-as we explained in Chapter 5, Flow Control . A particular exit status need not say anything about the nature of the error or even that there was an error.

9.1.2.3 DEBUG

The final fake signal, DEBUG, causes the trap code to be run after every statement in the surrounding function or script. This has two possible uses. First is the use for humans, as a sort of a "brute force" method of tracking a certain element of a program's state that you notice is going awry.

For example, you notice that the value of a particular variable is running amok. The naive approach would be to put in lots of print statements to check the variable's value at several points. The DEBUG trap makes this easier by letting you do this:

function dbgtrap {
    print "
badvar
  is $
badvar
 "
}

trap dbgtrap DEBUG

...
section of code in which problem occurs...
 

trap - DEBUG		# turn off DEBUG trap

This code will print the value of the wayward variable after every statement between the two trap s.

The second and far more important use of the DEBUG trap is as a primitive for implementing Korn shell debuggers. In fact, it would be fair to say that the DEBUG trap reduces the task of implementing a useful shell debugger from a large-scale software development project to a manageable exercise. Read on.