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3.5. Printing a Date or Time in a Specified Format

3.5.2. Solution

Use date( ) or strftime( ):

print strftime('%c');
print date('m/d/Y');
Tue Jul 30 11:31:08 2002
07/30/2002

3.5.3. Discussion

Both date( ) and strftime( ) are flexible functions that can produce a formatted time string with a variety of components. The formatting characters for these functions are listed in Table 3-3. The Windows column indicates whether the formatting character is supported by strftime( ) on Windows systems.

Table 3-3. strftime( ) and date( ) format characters

Type

strftime( )

date( )

Description

Range

Windows

Hour

%H

H

Hour, numeric, 24-hour clock

00-23

Yes

Hour

%I

h

Hour, numeric, 12-hour clock

01-12

Yes

Hour

%k

 

Hour, numeric, 24-hour clock, leading zero as space

0-23

No

Hour

%l

 

Hour, numeric, 12-hour clock, leading zero as space

1-12

No

Hour

%p

A

AM or PM designation for current locale

 

Yes

Hour

%P

a

am/pm designation for current locale

 

No

Hour

 

G

Hour, numeric, 24-hour clock, leading zero trimmed

0-23

No

Hour

 

g

Hour, numeric, 12-hour clock, leading zero trimmed

0-1

No

Minute

%M

I

Minute, numeric

00-59

Yes

Second

%S

s

Second, numeric

00-61[3]

Yes

Day

%d

d

Day of the month, numeric

01-31

Yes

Day

%e

 

Day of the month, numeric, leading zero as space

1-31

No

Day

%j

z

Day of the year, numeric

001-366 for strftime( ); 0-365 for date( )

Yes

Day

%u

 

Day of the week, numeric (Monday is 1)

1-7

No

Day

%w

w

Day of the week, numeric (Sunday is 0)

0-6

Yes

Day

 

j

Day of the month, numeric, leading zero trimmed

1-31

No

Day

 

S

English ordinal suffix for day of the month, textual

"st," "th," "nd," "rd"

No

Week

%a

D

Abbreviated weekday name, text for current locale

 

Yes

Week

%A

l

Full weekday name, text for current locale

 

Yes

Week

%U

 

Week number in the year; numeric; first Sunday is the first day of the first week

00-53

Yes

Week

%V

W

ISO 8601:1988 week number in the year; numeric; week 1 is the first week that has at least 4 days in the current year; Monday is the first day of the week

01-53

No

Week

%W

 

Week number in the year; numeric; first Monday is the first day of the first week

00-53

Yes

Month

%B

F

Full month name, text for current locale

 

Yes

Month

%b

M

Abbreviated month name, text for current locale

 

Yes

Month

%h

 

Same as %b

 

No

Month

%m

m

Month, numeric

01-12

Yes

Month

 

n

Month, numeric, leading zero trimmed

1-12

No

Month

 

t

Month length in days, numeric

28, 29, 30, 31

No

Year

%C

 

Century, numeric

00-99

No

Year

%g

 

Like %G, but without the century

00-99

No

Year

%G

 

ISO 8601 year with century; numeric; the four-digit year corresponding to the ISO week number; same as %y except if the ISO week number belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead

 

No

Year

%y

y

Year without century, numeric

00-99

Yes

Year

%Y

Y

Year, numeric, including century

 

Yes

Year

 

L

Leap year flag (yes is 1)

0, 1

No

Timezone

%z

O

Hour offset from GMT, +/-HHMM (e.g., -0400, +0230)

-1200-+1200

Yes, but acts like %Z

Timezone

%Z

T

Time zone, name, or abbreviation; textual

 

Yes

Timezone

 

I

Daylight saving time flag (yes is 1)

0, 1

No

Timezone

 

Z

Seconds offset from GMT; west of GMT is negative, east of GMT is positive

-43200-43200

No

Compound

%c

 

Standard date and time format for current locale

 

Yes

Compound

%D

 

Same as %m/%d/%y

 

No

Compound

%F

 

Same as %Y-%m-%d

 

No

Compound

%r

 

Time in AM or PM notation for current locale

 

No

Compound

%R

 

Time in 24-hour notation for current locale

 

No

Compound

%T

 

Time in 24-hour notation (same as %H:%M:%S)

 

No

Compound

%x

 

Standard date format for current locale(without time)

 

Yes

Compound

%X

 

Standard time format for current locale(without date)

 

Yes

Compound

 

r

RFC 822 formatted date (e.g., "Thu, 22 Aug 2002 16:01:07 +0200")

 

No

Other

%s

U

Seconds since the epoch

 

No

Other

 

B

Swatch Internet time

 

No

Formatting

%%

 

Literal % character

 

Yes

Formatting

%n

 

Newline character

 

No

Formatting

%t

 

Tab character

 

No

[3] The range for seconds extends to 61 to account for leap seconds.

The first argument to each function is a format string, and the second argument is an epoch timestamp. If you leave out the second argument, both functions default to the current date and time. While date( ) and strftime( ) operate over local time, they each have UTC-centric counterparts (gmdate( ) and gmstrftime( )).

The formatting characters for date( ) are PHP-specific, but strftime( ) uses the C-library strftime( ) function. This may make strftime( ) more understandable to someone coming to PHP from another language, but it also makes its behavior slightly different on various platforms. Windows doesn't support as many strftime( ) formatting commands as most Unix-based systems. Also, strftime( ) expects its formatting characters to each be preceded by a % (think printf( )), so it's easier to produce strings with lots of interpolated time and date values in them.

For example, at 12:49 P.M. on July 15, 2002, the code to print out:

It's after 12 pm on July 15, 2002

with strftime( ) looks like:

print strftime("It's after %I %P on %B %d, %Y");

With date( ) it looks like:

print "It's after ".date('h a').' on '.date('F d, Y');

Non-date-related characters in a format string are fine for strftime( ), because it looks for the % character to decide where to interpolate the appropriate time information. However, date( ) doesn't have such a delimiter, so about the only extras you can tuck into the formatting string are spaces and punctuation. If you pass strftime( )'s formatting string to date( ):

print date("It's after %I %P on %B%d, %Y");

you'd almost certainly not want what you'd get:

131'44 pmf31eMon, 15 Jul 2002 12:49:44 -0400 %1 %P o7 %742%15, %2002

To generate time parts with date( ) that are easy to interpolate, group all time and date parts from date( ) into one string, separating the different components with a delimiter that date( ) won't translate into anything and that isn't itself part of one of your substrings. Then, using explode( ) with that delimiter character, put each piece of the return value from date( ) in an array, which is easily interpolated in your output string:

$ar = explode(':',date("h a:F d, Y"));
print "It's after $ar[0] on $ar[1]";


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