3.3. Movement by SearchesOne of the most useful ways to move around in a large file quickly is by searching for text, or more properly, a pattern of characters. Sometimes a search can be performed to find a misspelled word or to find each occurrence of a variable in a program. The search command is the special character / (slash). When you enter a slash, it appears on the bottom line of the screen; you then type in the pattern that you want to find: /pattern. A pattern can be a whole word or any other sequence of characters (called a "character string"). For example, if you search for the characters red, you will match red as a whole word, but you'll also match occurred. If you include a space before or after pattern, the spaces will be treated as part of the word. As with all bottom-line commands, press RETURN to finish. vi, like all other UNIX editors, has a special pattern-matching language that allows you to look for variable text patterns; for example, any word beginning with a capital letter, or the word The at the beginning of a line. We'll talk about this more powerful pattern-matching syntax in Chapter 6. For right now, think of pattern simply as a word or phrase. vi begins the search at the cursor and searches forward, wrapping around to the start of the file if necessary. The cursor will move to the first occurrence of the pattern. If there is no match, the message "Pattern not found" will be shown on the status line.[10]
Using the file practice, here's how to move the cursor by searches:
The search wraps around to the front of the file. Note that you can give any combination of characters; a search does not have to be for a complete word. To search backward, type a ? instead of a /: ?pattern In both cases, the search wraps around to the beginning or end of the file, if necessary. 3.3.1. Repeating SearchesThe last pattern that you searched for stays available throughout your editing session. After a search, instead of repeating your original keystrokes, you can use a command to search again for the last pattern.
Since the last pattern stays available, you can search for a pattern, do some work, and then search again for the same pattern without retyping it by using n, N, / or ?. The direction of your search (/ is forward, ? is backward) is displayed at the bottom left of the screen.[11]
To continue with the example above, since the pattern scr is still available for search, you can:
Sometimes you want to find a word only if it is further ahead; you don't want the search to wrap around earlier in the file. vi has an option, wrapscan, that controls whether searches wrap. You can disable wrapping like this: :set nowrapscan When nowrapscan is set and a forward search fails, the status line displays the message: Address search hit BOTTOM without matching pattern When nowrapscan is set and a backward search fails, the message displays "TOP" instead of "BOTTOM". This section has given only the barest introduction to searching for patterns. Chapter 6 will teach you more about pattern matching and its use in making global changes to a file. 3.3.1.1. Changing through searchingYou can combine the / and ? search operators with the commands that change text, such as c and d. Continuing with the previous example:
Note how the deletion occurs on a character basis, whole lines are not deleted. 3.3.2. Current Line SearchesThere are also miniature versions of the search commands that operate within the current line. The command fx moves the cursor to the next instance of the character x (where x stands for any character). The command tx moves the cursor to the character before the next instance of x. Semicolons can then be used repeatedly to "find" your way along. The in-line search commands are summarized below. None of these commands will move the cursor to the next line.
With any of these commands, a numeric prefix n will locate the nth occurrence. Suppose you are editing in practice, on this line:
dfx deletes up to and including the named character x. This command is useful in deleting or yanking partial lines. You might need to use dfx instead of dw if there were symbols or punctuation within the line that made counting words difficult. The t command works just like f, except that it positions the cursor before the character searched for. For example, the command ct. could be used to change text up to the end of a sentence, leaving the period. Copyright © 2003 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved. |
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