15.1 File Naming Wildcards

Wildcards (1.16 ) are the shell's way of abbreviating filenames. Just as in poker, where a wildcard is a special card that can match any card in the deck, filename wildcards are capable of matching letters, or groups of letters, in the alphabet. Rather than typing a long filename, or a long chain of filenames, a wildcard lets you provide parts of names, and then use some "wildcard characters" for the rest. For example, if you want to delete all files whose names end in .o , you can give the command:

% rm *.o

You don't have to list every filename.

I'm sure you already know that wildcards are useful in many situations. If not, they are summarized in article 15.2 . Here are a few of my favorite wildcard applications:

• If you remember part of a filename, but not the whole name, you can use wildcards to help you find it. If I have a file on genetics saved in a directory with several hundred other files, a command like:

  % ls *gene*
  
  

  will often find what I want. It's quicker and easier than find (17.1 ) .

• Wildcards are a natural when you want to work with groups of files. If I have a general purpose directory that's full of filenames ending in .c and .h , I can make new subdirectories and use wildcards to move the files easily:

  % mkdir c h
  
  
  % mv *.c c
  
  
  % mv *.h h
  
  

• Wildcards often help you to work with files with inconvenient characters in their names. Let's say you have a file named abc x e , where x is some unknown control character. You can delete or rename that file by using the wildcarded name abc?e . (When you do this, be careful that your wildcard doesn't match more than you intend.)

• Wildcards can appear in any component of a pathname. This can often be used to your advantage. For example, let's say that you have a directory named /work , split into subdirectories for a dozen different projects. For each project, you have a schedule, in a file called (obviously enough) schedule.txt . You can print all the schedules with the command:

  % lpr /work/*/schedule.txt   
  
  BSD UNIX
  
  % lp  /work/*/schedule.txt   
  
  System V UNIX
  

  (However, you can occasionally run into problems (15.6 ) .)

It's a common misconception, particularly among new users, that application programs and utilities have something to do with wildcards. Given a command like grep ident *.c , many users think that grep handles the * and looks to see which files have names that end in .c . If you're at all familiar with UNIX's workings, you'll realize that this is the wrong picture. The shell interprets wildcards. That is, the shell figures out which files have names ending in .c , puts them in a list, puts that list on the command line, and then hands that command line to grep . As it processes the command line, the shell turns grep ident *.c into grep ident file1.c file2.c ... .

Since there are several shells, one might think (or fear!) that there should be several different sets of wildcards. Fortunately, there aren't. The C shell has made one significant extension (the curly brace operators (9.5 ) ), and the Korn shell has made a few more, but the basic wildcards work the same for all shells.