2.3.1 Setting Focus

Of all the windows on your screen, only one window receives the keystrokes you type. This window is usually highlighted in some way. By default in the mwm window manager, for instance, the frame of the window that receives your input is a darker shade of grey. In X jargon, choosing the window you type to is called "setting the input focus ." Most window managers can be configured to set the focus in one of the following two ways:

• Point to the window and click a mouse button (usually the first button). You may need to click on the titlebar at the top of the window.

• Simply move the pointer inside the window.

When you use mwm , any new windows will get the input focus automatically as they pop up.

2.3.2 The xterm Window

One of the most important windows is an xterm window. xterm makes a terminal emulator window with a UNIX login session inside, just like a miniature terminal. You can have several xterm windows at once, each doing something different. To enter a UNIX command or answer a prompt in a window, set the focus there and type. Programs in other windows will keep running; if they need input from you, they'll wait just as they would on a separate terminal.

Figure 2.2 D and Figure 2.4 show a single xterm window with a shell prompt (% ) inside. If you enter a UNIX command (like date ), it will run just as it would on a non-window terminal.

You can also start separate X-based window programs (typically called clients ) by entering commands in an xterm window. Although you can start new clients (xterm , xcalc , and so on) from any open xterm window on your computer, we recommend starting all of them from the first window that you opened. If you do that, and if your shell has job control (see Chapter 6, Multitasking ), it's easy to find and control all the clients.

Here's an example. To start the calculator called xcalc , enter:

% xcalc &


[1] 12345
%

The shell will print a PID number like 12345. (Chapter 6 has more information on this subject.) If you forget to add the ampersand (& ) at the end of the line, kill (terminate) xcalc with your interrupt character (like [CTRL-C] to get another shell prompt - then enter the command correctly.

The new window may be placed and get the focus automatically. Or, the window (or an outline of it) may "float" above the display, following the pointer - until you point somewhere and click the mouse button to place the window.

You can also start a new xterm from an existing xterm . Just enter xterm & (don't forget the ampersand) at the shell prompt.

The same method works for starting other X programs.

2.3.3 The Root Menu

If you move the pointer onto the root window (the "desktop" behind the windows) and press the correct mouse button (usually the first or third button, depending on your setup), you should see the root menu . You may need to hold down the button to keep the menu visible. The root menu has commands for controlling windows. The menu's commands may differ depending on the system.

Your system administrator (or you, if you study your window manager) can add commands to the root menu. These can be window manager operations or commands to open other windows. For example, a "New Window" menu item can open a new xterm window for you. A "Calculator" item could start xcalc .