[Chapter 4] 4.2 Syntax

4.2.1 Special Files

/etc/profile	Executed automatically at login.
$HOME/.profile	Executed automatically at login.
/etc/passwd	Source of home directories for ~ `name` abbreviations.
$ENV	Specifies the name of a file to read when a new Korn shell is created.

4.2.2 Filename Metacharacters

*	Match any string of zero or more characters.
?	Match any single character.
[`abc` ...]	Match any one of the enclosed characters; a hyphen can be used to specify a range (e.g., a-z, A-Z, 0-9).
[!`abc` ...]	Match any character `not` enclosed as above.

In the Korn shell:

?(`pattern` )	Match zero or one instance of `pattern` .
*(`pattern` )	Match zero or more instances of `pattern` .
+(`pattern` )	Match one or more instance of `pattern` .
@(`pattern` )	Match exactly one instance of `pattern` .
!(`pattern` )	Match any strings that don't contain `pattern` .
~	HOME directory of the current user.
~`name`	HOME directory of user `name` .
~+	Current working directory (PWD).
~-	Previous working directory (OLDPWD).

The pattern above can be a sequence of patterns separated by | , meaning that the match applies to any of the patterns. This extended syntax resembles that available to egrep and awk .

4.2.2.1 Examples

$ 

ls new*

	
List
 new 
and
 new.1.
$ 

cat ch?

	
Match
 ch9 
but not
 ch10.
$ 

vi [D-R]*

	
Match files that begin with uppercase D through R.

$ 

cp !(Junk*|Temp*)*.c ..

	
Korn shell only.  Copy C source files
		except for 
Junk
 and 
Temp
 files.

4.2.3 Quoting

Quoting disables a character's special meaning and allows it to be used literally, as itself. The following characters have special meaning to the Bourne and Korn shells:

;	Command separator.
&	Background execution.
( )	Command grouping.
\|	Pipe.
> < &	Redirection symbols.
* ? [ ] ~ + - @ !	Filename metacharacters.
" ' \	Used in quoting other characters.
`	Command substitution.
$	Variable substitution (or command substitution).
newline space tab	Word separators.

The characters below can be used for quoting:

" "

Everything between " and " is taken literally, except for the following characters that keep their special meaning:

$: Variable substitution will occur.
`: Command substitution will occur.
": This marks the end of the double quote.

' '

Everything between ' and ' is taken literally except for another ' .

\

The character following a \ is taken literally. Use within " " to escape " , $ , and ` . Often used to escape itself, spaces, or newlines.

4.2.3.1 Examples

$ 

echo 'Single quotes "protect" double quotes'


Single quotes "protect" double quotes
$ 

echo "Well, isn't that \"special\"?"


Well, isn't that "special"?
$ 

echo "You have `ls|wc -l` files in `pwd`"


You have      43 files in /home/bob
$ 

echo "The value of \$x is $x"


The value of $x is 100

4.2.4 Command Forms

`cmd` &	Execute `cmd` in background.
`cmd1` ; `cmd2`	Command sequence; execute multiple `cmd` s on the same line.
(`cmd1` ; `cmd2` )	Subshell; treat `cmd1` and `cmd2` as a command group.
`cmd1` \| `cmd2`	Pipe; use output from `cmd1` as input to `cmd2` .
`cmd1` ``cmd2` `	Command substitution; use `cmd2` output as arguments to `cmd1` .
`cmd1` $(`cmd2` )	Korn-shell command substitution; nesting is allowed.
`cmd1` && `cmd2`	AND; execute `cmd1` and then (if `cmd1` succeeds) `cmd2` .
`cmd1` \|\| `cmd2`	OR; execute either `cmd1` or (if `cmd1` fails) `cmd2` .
{ `cmd1` ; `cmd2` }	Execute commands in the current shell.

4.2.4.1 Examples

$ 

nroff file &

	
Format in the background.

$ 

cd; ls

	
Execute sequentially.

$ 

(date; who; pwd) > logfile

	
All output is redirected.

$ 

sort file | pr -3 | lp

		
Sort file, page output, then print.

$ 

vi `grep -l ifdef *.c`

		
Edit files found by grep.

$ 

egrep '(yes|no)' `cat list`

	
Specify a list of files to search.

$ 

egrep '(yes|no)' $(cat list)

	
Korn shell version of previous.

$ 

egrep '(yes|no)' $(<list)

	
Same, but faster.

$ 

grep XX file && lp file

		
Print file if it contains the pattern,

$ 

grep XX file || echo "XX not found"

	
otherwise, echo an error message.

4.2.5 Redirection Forms

File		Common	Typical
Descriptor	Name	Abbreviation	Default
0	Standard Input	stdin	Keyboard
1	Standard Output	stdout	Terminal
2	Standard Error	stderr	Terminal

The usual input source or output destination can be changed as follows:

4.2.5.1 Simple Redirection

`cmd` > `file`	Send output of `cmd` to `file` (overwrite).
`cmd` >> `file`	Send output of `cmd` to `file` (append).
`cmd` < `file`	Take input for `cmd` from `file` .
`cmd` << `text`	Read standard input up to a line identical to `text` (`text` can be stored in a shell variable). Input is usually typed on the screen or in the shell program. Commands that typically use this syntax include cat , echo , ex , and sed . (If <<- is used, leading tabs are ignored when comparing input with end-of-input `text` marker.) This command form is sometimes called a "Here" document.

4.2.5.2 Redirection Using File Descriptors

`cmd` >&`n`	Send `cmd` output to file descriptor `n` .
`cmd` `m` >&`n`	Same, except that output that would normally go to file descriptor `m` is sent to file descriptor `n` instead.
`cmd` >&-	Close standard output.
`cmd` <&`n`	Take input for `cmd` from file descriptor `n` .
`cmd` `m` <&`n`	Same, except that input that would normally come from file descriptor `m` comes from file descriptor `n` instead.
`cmd` <&-	Close standard input.

4.2.5.3 Multiple Redirection

`cmd` 2>`file`	Send standard error to `file` ; standard output remains the same (e.g., the screen).
`cmd` > `file` 2>&1	Send both standard error and standard output to `file` .
(`cmd` > `f1` ) 2>`f2`	Send standard output to file `f1` ; standard error to file `f2` .
`cmd` \| tee `files`	Send output of `cmd` to standard output (usually the terminal) and to `files` . (See the example in Section 2 under tee .)

No space should appear between file descriptors and a redirection symbol; spacing is optional in the other cases.

4.2.5.4 Examples

$ 

cat part1 > book


$ 

cat part2 part3 >> book


$ 

mail tim < report


$ 

sed 's/^/XX /g' << END_ARCHIVE


> 

This is often how a shell archive is "wrapped",


> 

bundling text for distribution.  You would normally


> 

run sed from a shell program, not from the command line.


> 

END_ARCHIVE


XX This is often how a shell archive is "wrapped",
XX bundling text for distribution.  You would normally
XX run sed from a shell program, not from the command line.

To redirect standard output to standard error:

$ 

echo "Usage error:  see administrator" 1>&2

The following command will send output (files found) to filelist and send error messages (inaccessible files) to file no_access :

$ 

(find / -print > filelist) 2>no_access

4.2.6 Coprocesses

Coprocesses are a feature of the Korn shell only.

`cmd1` \| `cmd2` \|&	Coprocess; execute the pipeline in the background. The shell sets up a two-way pipe, allowing redirection of both standard input and standard output.
read -p `var`	Read coprocess input into variable `var` .
print -p `string`	Write `string` to the coprocess.
`cmd` <&p	Take input for `cmd` from the coprocess.
`cmd` >&p	Send output of `cmd` to the coprocess.

4.2.6.1 Examples



ed - memo |&	


Start coprocess.



print -p /word/	


Send ed command to coprocess.



read -p search	


Read output of ed command into variable search.



print "$search"	


Show the line on standard output.


A word to the wise.