2.2. NumbersAlthough a scalar is most often either a number or a string, it's useful to look at numbers and strings separately for the moment. We'll cover numbers first, and then move on to strings. 2.2.1. All Numbers Are the Same Format InternallyAs you'll see in the next few paragraphs, you can specify both integers (whole numbers, like 255 or 2001) and floating-point numbers (real numbers with decimal points, like 3.14159, or 1.35 x 1025). But internally, Perl computes with double-precision floating-point values.[42] This means that there are no integer values internal to Perl -- an integer constant in the program is treated as the equivalent floating-point value.[43] You probably won't notice the conversion (or care much), but you should stop looking for distinct integer operations (as opposed to floating-point operations), because there aren't any.[44]
2.2.2. Floating-Point LiteralsA literal is the way a value is represented in the source code of the Perl program. A literal is not the result of a calculation or an I/O operation; it's data written directly into the source code. Perl's floating-point literals should look familiar to you. Numbers with and without decimal points are allowed (including an optional plus or minus prefix), as well as tacking on a power-of-10 indicator (exponential notation) with E notation. For example: 1.25 255.000 255.0 7.25e45 # 7.25 times 10 to the 45th power (a big number) -6.5e24 # negative 6.5 times 10 to the 24th # (a big negative number) -12e-24 # negative 12 times 10 to the -24th # (a very small negative number) -1.2E-23 # another way to say that - the E may be uppercase 2.2.3. Integer LiteralsInteger literals are also straightforward, as in: 0 2001 -40 255 61298040283768 That last one is a little hard to read. Perl allows underscores for clarity within integer literals, so we can also write that number like this: 61_298_040_283_768 It's the same value; it merely looks different to us human beings. You might have thought that commas should be used for this purpose, but commas are already used for a more-important purpose in Perl (as we'll see in the next chapter). 2.2.4. Nondecimal Integer LiteralsLike many other programming languages, Perl allows you to specify numbers in other than base 10 (decimal). Octal (base 8) literals start with a leading 0, hexadecimal (base 16) literals start with a leading 0x, and binary (base 2) literals start with a leading 0b.[45] The hex digits A through F (or a through f) represent the conventional digit values of ten through fifteen. For example:
0377 # 377 octal, same as 255 decimal 0xff # FF hex, also 255 decimal 0b11111111 # also 255 decimal (available in version 5.6 and later) Although these values look different to us humans, they're all three the same number to Perl. It makes no difference to Perl whether you write 0xFF or 255.000, so choose the representation that makes the most sense to you and your maintenance programmer (by which we mean the poor chap who gets stuck trying to figure out what you meant when you wrote your code. Most often, this poor chap is you, and you can't recall whay you did what you did three months ago). When a non-decimal literal is more than about four characters long, it may be hard to read. For this reason, starting in version 5.6, Perl allows underscores for clarity within these literals: 0x1377_0b77 0x50_65_72_7C 2.2.5. Numeric OperatorsPerl provides the typical ordinary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operators, and so on. For example: 2 + 3 # 2 plus 3, or 5 5.1 - 2.4 # 5.1 minus 2.4, or 2.7 3 * 12 # 3 times 12 = 36 14 / 2 # 14 divided by 2, or 7 10.2 / 0.3 # 10.2 divided by 0.3, or 34 10 / 3 # always floating-point divide, so 3.3333333... Perl also supports a modulus operator (%). The value of the expression 10 % 3 is the remainder when ten is divided by three, which is one. Both values are first reduced to their integer values, so 10.5 % 3.2 is computed as 10 % 3.[46]
Additionally, Perl provides the FORTRAN-like exponentiation operator, which many have yearned for in Pascal and C. The operator is represented by the double asterisk, such as 2**3, which is two to the third power, or eight.[47]
In addition, there are other numeric operators, which we'll introduce as we need them. Copyright © 2002 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved. |
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