printf

printf [
filehandle
] 
format
, 
list

Prints a formatted string of the elements in list to filehandle or, if omitted, the currently selected output filehandle. This is similar to the C library's printf and fprintf functions, except that the * field width specifier is not supported. The function is exactly equivalent to:

print 
filehandle
 sprintf(
format
, 
list
);

printf and sprintf use the same format syntax, but sprintf only returns a string; it doesn't print to a filehandle. The format string contains text with embedded field specifiers into which the the elements of list are substituted in order, one per field. Field specifiers follow the form:

%
m.nx

A percent sign begins each field, and x is the type of field. The optional m gives the minimum field width for appropriate field types (negative m left-justifies). The .n gives the precision for a specific field type, such as the number of digits after a decimal point for floating-point numbers, the maximum length for a string, and the minimum length for an integer.

Field specifiers ( x ) may be the following:

Code	Meaning
%	Percent sign
c	Character
d	Decimal integer
e	Exponential format floating-point number
E	Exponential format floating-point number with uppercase E
f	Fixed-point format floating-point number
g	Floating-point number, in either exponential or fixed decimal notation
G	Like g with uppercase E (if applicable)
ld	Long decimal integer
lo	Long octal integer
lu	Long unsigned decimal integer
lx	Long hexadecimal integer
o	Octal integer
s	String
u	Unsigned decimal integer
x	Hexadecimal integer
X	Hexadecimal integer with uppercase letters
p	The Perl value's address in hexadecimal
n	Special value that stores the number of characters output so far into the next variable in the parameter list