4.3 Closures

Instead of returning data , a Perl subroutine can return a reference to a subroutine . This is really no different from any other ways of passing subroutine references around, except for a somewhat hidden feature involving anonymous subroutines and lexical ( my ) variables. Consider

$greeting = "hello world";
$rs = sub {
    print $greeting;
};
&$rs();  #prints "hello world"

In this example, the anonymous subroutine makes use of the global variable $greeting . No surprises here, right? Now, let's modify this innocuous example slightly:

sub generate_greeting {
    my($greeting) = "hello world";
    return sub {print $greeting};
}
$rs = generate_greeting();
&$rs(); # Prints "hello world"

The generate_greeting subroutine returns the reference to an anonymous subroutine, which in turn prints $greeting . The curious thing is that $greeting is a my variable that belongs to generate_greeting . Once generate_greeting finishes executing, you would expect all its local variables to be destroyed. But when you invoke the anonymous subroutine later on, using &$rs() , it manages to still print $greeting . How does it work?

Any other expression in place of the anonymous subroutine definition would have used $greeting right away. A subroutine block, on the other hand, is a package of code to be invoked at a later time, so it keeps track of all the variables it is going to need later on (taking them "to go," in a manner of speaking). When this subroutine is called subsequently and invokes print " $greeting" , the subroutine remembers the value that $greeting had when that subroutine was created .

Let's modify this a bit more to really understand what this idiom is capable of:

sub generate_greeting {
    my($greeting) = @_;     # $greeting primed by arguments
    return sub {
                 my($subject)= @_;
                 print "$greeting $subject \n";
           };
}
$rs1 = generate_greeting("hello");
$rs2 = generate_greeting("my fair");

# $rs1 and $rs2 are two subroutines holding on to different $greeting's
&$rs1 ("world") ;  # prints "hello world"
&$rs2 ("lady") ;   # prints "my fair lady"

Instead of hardcoding $greeting , we get it from generate_greeting 's arguments. When generate_greeting is called the first time, the anonymous subroutine that it returns holds onto $greeting 's value. Hence the subroutine referred to by $rs1 behaves somewhat like this:

$rs1 = sub { 
    my ($subject) = @_;
    my $greeting = "hello";
    print "$greeting $subject\n";   # $greeting's value is "hello"
}

The subroutine is known as a closure (the term comes from the LISP world). As you can see, it captures $greeting 's value, and when it is invoked later on, it needs only one parameter.

Like some immigrants to a country who retain the culture and customs of the place in which they are born, closures are subroutines that package all the variables they need from the scope in which they are created.

As it happens, Perl creates closures only over lexical ( my ) variables and not over global or localized (tagged with local ) variables. Let's take a peek under the covers to understand why this is so.

sub generate_greeting {
    local ($greeting) = @_;
    return sub {
       print "$greeting \n" ;
    }
}
$rs = generate_greeting("hello");
$greeting = "Goodbye";
&$rs();      # Prints "Goodbye", not "hello"