15.1 The math and cmath Modules

The math module supplies mathematical functions on floating-point numbers, while the cmath module supplies equivalent functions on complex numbers. For example, math.sqrt(-1) raises an exception, but cmath.sqrt(-1) returns 1j.

Each module also exposes two attributes of type float bound to the values of fundamental mathematical constants, pi and e.

acos(x)

Returns the arccosine of x in radians.

acosh(x)

Returns the arc hyperbolic cosine of x in radians.

asin(x)

Returns the arcsine of x in radians.

asinh(x)

Returns the arc hyperbolic sine of x in radians.

atan(x)

Returns the arctangent of x in radians.

atanh(x)

Returns the arc hyperbolic tangent of x in radians.

atan2(y,x)

Like atan(y/x), except that when x equals 0, atan2 returns pi/2, while dividing by x would raise ZeroDivisionError.

ceil(x)

Returns the lowest integer i such that i is greater than or equal to x as a floating-point value.

cos(x)

Returns the cosine of x in radians.

cosh(x)

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x in radians.

The mathematical constant e.

exp(x)

Returns e**x.

fabs(x)

Returns the absolute value of x.

floor(x)

Returns the highest integer i such that i is less than or equal to x as a floating-point value.

fmod(x,y)

Returns x%y (on most platforms).

frexp(x)

Returns a pair (m,e) with the mantissa and exponent of x. m is a floating-point number and e is an integer such that x= =m*(2**e) and 0.5<=abs(m)<1, except that frexp(0) returns (0.0,0).

hypot(x,y)

Returns sqrt(x*x+y*y).

ldexp(x,i)

Returns x*(2**i).

log(x)

Returns the natural logarithm of x.

log10(x)

Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.

modf(x)

Returns a pair (f,i) with fractional and integer parts of x, each a floating-point value with the same sign as x.

The mathematical constant .

pow(x,y)

Returns x**y.

sin(x)

Returns the sine of x in radians.

sinh(x)

Returns the hyperbolic sine of x in radians.

sqrt(x)

Returns the square root of x.

tan(x)

Returns the tangent of x in radians.

tanh(x)

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x in radians.