1.9.1.1 Declaring explicit cursors

To use an explicit cursor, you must first declare it in the declaration section of a block or package. There are three types of explicit cursor declarations:

• A cursor without parameters, such as:

      CURSOR company_cur 
         IS
         SELECT company_id FROM company;

• A cursor that accepts arguments through a parameter list:

      CURSOR company_cur (id_in IN NUMBER) IS
      SELECT name FROM company
      WHERE  company_id = id_in;

• A cursor header that contains a RETURN clause in place of the SELECT statement:

      CURSOR company_cur (id_in IN NUMBER) 
      RETURN company%ROWTYPE IS
      SELECT * FROM company;

This technique can be used in packages to hide the implementation of the cursor in the package body. See the Section 1.14 " section for more information.

1.9.1.2 Opening explicit cursors

To open a cursor, use the following syntax:

OPEN cursor_name [(argument [,argument ...])];

where cursor_name is the name of the cursor as declared in the declaration section. The arguments are required if the definition of the cursor contains a parameter list.

You must open an explicit cursor before you can fetch rows from that cursor. When the cursor is opened, the processing includes the PARSE, BIND, OPEN, and EXECUTE statements. This OPEN processing includes: determining an execution plan, associating host variables and cursor parameters with the placeholders in the SQL statement, determining the result set, and, finally, setting the current row pointer to the first row in the result set.

When using a cursor FOR loop, the OPEN is implicit in the FOR statement. If you try to open a cursor that is already open, PL/SQL will raise an "ORA-06511: PL/SQL: cursor already open" exception.

1.9.1.3 Fetching from explicit cursors

The FETCH statement places the contents of the current row into local variables. To retrieve all rows in a result set, each row needs to be fetched. The syntax for a FETCH statement is:

FETCH cursor_name INTO record_or_variable_list;

where cursor_name is the name of the cursor as declared and opened.

1.9.1.4 Closing explicit cursors

The syntax of the CLOSE statement is:

CLOSE cursor_name;

where cursor_name is the name of the cursor declared and opened.

After all rows have been fetched, a cursor needs to be closed. Closing a cursor releases the private SQL area used by the cursor, freeing the memory used by that cursor.

If you declare a cursor in a local anonymous, procedure, or function block, that cursor will automatically close when the block terminates. Package-based cursors must be closed explicitly, or they stay open for the duration of your session. Closing a cursor that is not open raises an INVALID CURSOR exception.

1.9.1.5 Explicit cursor attributes

There are four attributes associated with cursors: ISOPEN, FOUND, NOTFOUND, and ROWCOUNT. These attributes can be accessed with the % delimiter to obtain information about the state of the cursor. The syntax for a cursor attribute is:

cursor_name%attribute

where cursor_name is the name of the explicit cursor.

The behaviors of the explicit cursor attributes are described in the following table.

Frequently a cursor attribute is checked as part of a WHILE loop that fetches rows from a cursor:

DECLARE
   caller_rec caller_pkg.caller_cur%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
   OPEN caller_pkg.caller_cur;
   LOOP
      FETCH caller_pkg.caller_cur into caller_rec;
      EXIT WHEN caller_pkg.caller_cur%NOTFOUND
               OR 
               caller_pkg.caller_cur%ROWCOUNT > 10;

      UPDATE call
         SET caller_id = caller_rec.caller_id
         WHERE call_timestamp < SYSDATE;
   END LOOP;
   CLOSE caller_pkg.caller_cur;
END;

1.9.2.1 The SELECT FOR UPDATE clause

By default, the Oracle RDBMS locks rows as they are changed. To lock all rows in a result set, use the FOR UPDATE clause in your SELECT statement when you OPEN the cursor, instead of when you change the data. Using the FOR UPDATE clause does not require you to actually make changes to the data; it only locks the rows when opening the cursor. These locks are released on the next COMMIT or ROLLBACK. As always, these row locks do not affect other SELECT statements unless they, too, are FOR UPDATE. The FOR UPDATE clause is appended to the end of the SELECT statement and has the following syntax:

SELECT ...
  FROM ...
   FOR UPDATE [OF column_reference] [NOWAIT];

where column_reference is a comma-delimited list of columns that appear in the SELECT clause. The NOWAIT keyword tells the RDBMS to not wait for other blocking locks to be released. The default is to wait forever.

In the following example, only columns from the inventory (pet) table are referenced FOR UPDATE, so no rows in the dog_breeds (dog) table are locked when hounds_in_stock_cur is opened:

DECLARE
   CURSOR hounds_in_stock_cur IS
      SELECT pet.stock_no, pet.breeder, dog.size
        FROM dog_breeds dog ,inventory pet
       WHERE dog.breed = pet.breed
         AND dog.class = 'HOUND'
         FOR UPDATE OF pet.stock_no, pet.breeder;
BEGIN

1.9.2.2 The WHERE CURRENT OF clause

UPDATE and DELETE statements can use a WHERE CURRENT OF clause if they reference a cursor declared FOR UPDATE. This syntax indicates that the UPDATE or DELETE should modify the current row identified by the FOR UPDATE cursor. The syntax is:

[UPDATE | DELETE ] ...
   WHERE CURRENT OF cursor_name;

By using WHERE CURRENT OF, you do not have to repeat the WHERE clause in the SELECT statement. For example:

DECLARE
   CURSOR wip_cur IS
      SELECT acct_no, enter_date FROM wip
       WHERE enter_date < SYSDATE -7
         FOR UPDATE;
BEGIN
   FOR wip_rec IN wip_cur
   LOOP
      INSERT INTO acct_log (acct_no, order_date)
         VALUES (wip_rec.acct_no, wip_rec.enter_
            date);
      DELETE FROM wip 
         WHERE CURRENT OF wip_cur;
   END LOOP;
END;