Network Names and Numbers (DNS and BIND, 4th Edition)

16.5. Network Names and Numbers

The original DNS specifications didn't provide the ability to look up network names based on a network number -- a feature that was provided by the original HOSTS.TXT file. Since then, RFC 1101 has defined a system for storing network names; this system also works for subnets and subnet masks, so it goes significantly beyond HOSTS.TXT. Moreover, it doesn't require any modification to the name server software at all; it's based entirely on the clever use of PTR and A records.

Remember that to map an IP address to a name in DNS, you reverse the IP address, append in-addr.arpa, and look up PTR records. This same technique is used to map a network number to a network name, for example, to map network 15/8 to "HP Internet." To look up the network number, include the network bits and pad them with trailing zeros to make four bytes, and look up PTR data just as you did with a host's IP address. For example, to find the network name for the old ARPAnet, network 10/8, look up PTR data for 0.0.0.10.in-addr.arpa. You get back an answer like ARPAnet.ARPA.

If the ARPAnet were subnetted, you'd also find an address record at 0.0.0.10.in-addr.arpa. The address would be the subnet mask, 255.255.0.0, for instance. If you were interested in the subnet name instead of the network name, you'd apply the mask to the IP address and look up the subnet number.

This technique allows you to map the network number to a name. To provide a complete solution, there must be a way to map a network name to its network number. This, again, is accomplished with PTR records. The network name has PTR data that points to the network number (reversed with in-addr.arpa appended).

Let's see what the data might look like in HP's zone data files (the HP Internet has network number 15/8) and step through mapping a network number to a network name.

Partial contents of the file db.hp.com:

;
; Map HP's network name to 15.0.0.0.
;
hp-net.hp.com.            IN  PTR 0.0.0.15.in-addr.arpa.

Partial contents of the file db.corp.hp.com:

;
; Map corp's subnet name to 15.1.0.0.
;
corp-subnet.corp.hp.com.  IN  PTR 0.0.1.15.in-addr.arpa.

Partial contents of the file db.15:

;
; Map 15.0.0.0 to hp-net.hp.com.
; HP's subnet mask is 255.255.248.0.
;
0.0.0.15.in-addr.arpa.    IN  PTR hp-net.hp.com.
                          IN  A   255.255.248.0

Partial contents of the file db.15.1:

;
; Map the 15.1.0.0 back to its subnet name.
;
0.0.1.15.in-addr.arpa.    IN  PTR corp-subnet.corp.hp.com.

Here's the procedure to look up the subnet name for the IP address 15.1.0.1:

Apply the default network mask for the address's class. Address 15.1.0.1 is a class A address, so the mask is 255.0.0.0. Applying the mask to the IP address makes the network number 15.
Send a query (type=A or type=ANY ) for 0.0.0.15.in-addr.arpa.
The query response contains address data. Since there is address data at 0.0.0.15.in-addr.arpa (the subnet mask, 255.255.248.0), apply the subnet mask to the IP address. This yields 15.1.0.0.
Send a query (type=A or type=ANY ) for 0.0.1.15.in-addr.arpa.
The query response does not contain address data, so 15.1.0.0 is not further subnetted.
Send a PTR query for 0.0.1.15.in-addr.arpa.
The query response contains the network name for 15.1.0.1: corp-subnet.corp.hp.com.

In addition to mapping between network names and numbers, you can also list all the networks for your zone with PTR records:

movie.edu.  IN  PTR  0.249.249.192.in-addr.arpa.
            IN  PTR  0.253.253.192.in-addr.arpa.

Now for the bad news: despite the fact that RFC 1101 contains everything you need to know to set this up, there's very little software we know of that actually uses this type of network name encoding, and very few administrators go to the trouble of adding this information. Until software actually makes use of DNS-encoded network names, about the only reason for setting this up is to show off. But that's a good enough reason for many of us.