What Happens at the Server End? (Apache: The Definitive Guide)

1.5. What Happens at the Server End?

We assume that the server is well set up and running Apache. What does Apache do? In the simplest terms, it gets a URL from the Internet, turns it into a filename, and sends the file (or its output)[12] back down the Internet. That's all it does, and that's all this book is about!

[12]Usually. We'll see later that some URLs may refer to information generated completely within Apache.

Three main cases arise:

The Unix server has a standalone Apache that listens to one or more ports (port 80 by default) on one or more IP addresses mapped onto the interfaces of its machine. In this mode (known as standalone mode ), Apache actually runs several copies of itself to handle multiple connections simultaneously.

The server is configured to use the Unix utility inetd , which listens on all ports it is configured to handle. When a connection comes in, it determines from its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, which service that port corresponds to and runs the configured program, which can be an Apache in inetd mode. It is worth noting that some of the more advanced features of Apache are not supported in this mode, so it should only be used in very simple cases. Support for this mode may well be removed in future releases of Apache.

On Windows, there is a single process with multiple threads. Each thread services a single connection. This currently limits Apache to 64 simultaneous connections, because there's a system limit of 64 objects for which you can wait at once. This is something of a disadvantage because a busy site can have several hundred simultaneous connections. It will probably be improved in Apache 2.0.

All the cases boil down to an Apache with an incoming connection. Remember our first statement in this section, namely, that the object of the whole exercise is to resolve the incoming request into a filename, a script, or some data generated internally on the fly. Apache thus first determines which IP address and port number were used by asking the operating system where the connection is connecting to. Apache then uses the IP address, port number -- and the Host header in HTTP/1.1 -- to decide which virtual host is the target of this request. The virtual host then looks at the path, which was handed to it in the request, and reads that against its configuration to decide on the appropriate response, which it then returns.

Most of this book is about the possible appropriate responses and how Apache decides which one to use.