This
baby panda image was sent by satellite during a demonstration of the first
transatlantic Internet connection in 1978. The computing system used for
that demonstration was called the Fuzzball.
As it happened, this was also the first Internet multimedia presentation
and the first to use NTP in regular operation.
ntpd is a complete implementation of the NTP Version 3 specification, as defined in: Mills, D.L. Network Time Protocol (Version 3) specification, implementation and analysis. Network Working Group Report RFC-1305, University of Delaware, March 1992, 113 pp. (Abstract: PostScript), (Body: PostScript), (Appendices: PostScript), with additional features for NTP Version 4. It also retains compatibility with both NTP Version 2, as defined in RFC-1119, and NTP Version 1, as defined in RFC-1059, although this compatibility is sometimes strained and only semiautomatic. In order to support in principle the ultimate precision of about 232 picoseconds in the NTP specification, ntpd uses no floating-point arithmetic and instead manipulates the 64-bit NTP timestamps as unsigned 64-bit integers. ntpd fully implements NTP Versions 2 and 3 authentication and a mode-6 control- message facility. As extensions to the specification, a flexible address-and-mask restriction facility has been included, along with a private mode-7 control-message facility used to remotely reconfigure the system and monitor a considerable amount of internal detail.
The code is biased towards the needs of a busy time server with numerous, often hundreds, of clients and other servers. Tables are hashed to allow efficient handling of many associations, though at the expense of additional overhead when the number of associations is small. Many fancy features have been included to permit efficient management and monitoring of a busy primary server, features which are probably excess baggage for a high stratum client. In such cases, a stripped-down version of the protocol, the Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) can be used. SNTP and NTP servers and clients can interwork in most situations, as described in: Mills, D.L. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP). Network Working Group Report RFC-2030, University of Delaware, October 1996, 14 pp. (ASCII).
The code was written with near demonic attention to details which can affect precision and as a consequence should be able to make good use of high performance, special purpose hardware such as precision oscillators and radio clocks. The present code supports a number of radio clocks, including those for the WWV, CHU, WWVB, MSF, DCF77, GOES and GPS radio and satellite time services and USNO, ACTS and PTB modem time services. The server methodically avoids the use of Unix-specific library routines where possible by implementing local versions, in order to aid in porting the code to perverse Unix and non-Unix platforms.
While this implementation conforms in most respects to the NTP Version 3 specification RFC-1305, a number of improvements have been made which are described in the conformance statement in the Further Information and Bibliography page. It has been specifically tuned to achieve the highest accuracy possible on whatever hardware and operating-system platform is available. In general, its precision and stability are limited only by the characteristics of the onboard clock source used by the hardware and operating system, usually an uncompensated crystal oscillator. On modern RISC-based processors connected directly to radio clocks via serial- asynchronous interfaces, the accuracy is usually limited by the radio clock and interface to the order of a millisecond or less. The code includes special features to support a pulse-per-second (PPS) signal and/or an IRIG-B signal generated by some radio clocks. When used in conjunction with a suitable hardware level converter, the accuracy can be improved to a few tens of microseconds. Further improvement is possible using an outboard, stabilized frequency source, in which the accuracy and stability are limited only by the characteristics of that source.
The NTP Version 4 distribution includes, in addition to the daemon itself (ntpd), several utility programs, including two remote-monitoring programs ( ntpq, ntpdc), a remote clock-setting program similar to the Unix rdate program (ntpdate), a traceback utility useful to discover suitable synchronization sources (ntptrace), and various programs used to configure the local platform and calibrate the intrinsic errors. NTP has been ported to a large number of platforms, including most RISC and CISC workstations and mainframes manufactured today. Example configuration files for many models of these machines are included in the distribution. While in most cases the standard version of the implementation runs with no hardware or operating system modifications, not all features of the distribution are available on all platforms. For instance, a special feature allowing Sun workstations to achieve accuracies in the order of 100 microseconds requires some minor changes and additions to the kernel and input/output support.
There are, however, several drawbacks to all of this. ntpd is quite fat. This is rotten if your intended platform for the daemon is memory limited. ntpd uses SIGIO for all input, a facility which appears to not enjoy universal support and whose use seems to exercise the parts of your vendors' kernels which are most likely to have been done poorly. The code is unforgiving in the face of kernel problems which affect performance, and generally requires that you repair the problems in order to achieve acceptable performance. The code has a distinctly experimental flavour and contains features which could charitably be termed failed experiments, but which have not been completely hacked out. Much was learned from the addition of support for a variety of radio clocks, with the result that some radio clock drivers could use some rewriting.
NTP operates on the premise that there is one true standard time, and that if several servers which claim synchronization to standard time disagree about what that time is, then one or more of them must be broken. There is no attempt to resolve differences more gracefully since the premise is that substantial differences cannot exist. In essence, NTP expects that the time being distributed from the root of the synchronization subnet will be derived from some external source of UTC (e.g., a radio clock). This makes it somewhat inconvenient (though by no means impossible) to synchronize hosts together without a reliable source of UTC to synchronize them to. If your network is isolated and you cannot access other people's servers across the Internet, a radio clock may make a good investment.
Time is distributed through a hierarchy of NTP servers, with each server adopting a stratum which indicates how far away from an external source of UTC it is operating at. Stratum-1 servers, which are at the top of the pile (or bottom, depending on your point of view), have access to some external time source, usually a radio clock synchronized to time signal broadcasts from radio stations which explicitly provide a standard time service. A stratum-2 server is one which is currently obtaining time from a stratum-1 server, a stratum-3 server gets its time from a stratum-2 server, and so on. To avoid long lived synchronization loops the number of strata is limited to 15.
Each client in the synchronization subnet (which may also be a server for other, higher stratum clients) chooses exactly one of the available servers to synchronize to, usually from among the lowest stratum servers it has access to. This is, however, not always an optimal configuration, for indeed NTP operates under another premise as well, that each server's time should be viewed with a certain amount of distrust. NTP really prefers to have access to several sources of lower stratum time (at least three) since it can then apply an agreement algorithm to detect insanity on the part of any one of these. Normally, when all servers are in agreement, NTP will choose the best of these, where "best" is defined in terms of lowest stratum, closest (in terms of network delay) and claimed precision, along with several other considerations. The implication is that, while one should aim to provide each client with three or more sources of lower stratum time, several of these will only be providing backup service and may be of lesser quality in terms of network delay and stratum (i.e., a same-stratum peer which receives time from lower stratum sources the local server doesn't access directly can also provide good backup service).
Finally, there is the issue of association modes. There are a number of modes in which NTP servers can associate with each other, with the mode of each server in the pair indicating the behaviour the other server can expect from it. In particular, when configuring a server to obtain time from other servers, there is a choice of two modes which may be used. Configuring an association in symmetric-active mode (usually indicated by a peer declaration in the configuration file) indicates to the remote server that one wishes to obtain time from the remote server and that one is also willing to supply time to the remote server if need be. This mode is appropriate in configurations involving a number of redundant time servers interconnected via diverse network paths, which is presently the case for most stratum-1 and stratum-2 servers on the Internet today. Configuring an association in client mode (usually indicated by a server declaration in the configuration file) indicates that one wishes to obtain time from the remote server, but that one is not willing to provide time to the remote server. This mode is appropriate for file-server and workstation clients that do not provide synchronization to other local clients. Client mode is also useful for boot-date-setting programs and the like, which really have no time to provide and which don't retain state about associations over the longer term.
Where the requirements in accuracy and reliability are modest, clients can be configured to use broadcast and/or multicast modes. These modes are not normally utilized by servers with dependent clients. The advantage of these modes is that clients do not need to be configured for a specific server, so that all clients operating can use the same configuration file. Broadcast mode requires a broadcast server on the same subnet, while multicast mode requires support for IP multicast on the client machine, as well as connectivity via the MBONE to a multicast server. Since broadcast messages are not propagated by routers, only those broadcast servers on the same subnet will be used. There is at present no way to select which of possibly many multicast servers will be used, since all operate on the same group address.
Where the maximum accuracy and reliability provided by NTP are needed, clients and servers operate in either client/server or symmetric modes. Symmetric modes are most often used between two or more servers operating as a mutually redundant group. In these modes, the servers in the group members arrange the synchronization paths for maximum performance, depending on network jitter and propagation delay. If one or more of the group members fail, the remaining members automatically reconfigure as required. Dependent clients and servers normally operate in client/server mode, in which a client or dependent server can be synchronized to a group member, but no group member can synchronize to the client or dependent server. This provides protection against malfunctions or protocol attacks.
Servers that provide synchronization to a sizeable population of clients normally operate as a group of three or more mutually redundant servers, each operating with three or more stratum-one or stratum-two servers in client-server modes, as well as all other members of the group in symmetric modes. This provides protection against malfunctions in which one or more servers fail to operate or provide incorrect time. The NTP algorithms have been specifically engineered to resist attacks where some fraction of the configured synchronization sources accidently or purposely provide incorrect time. In these cases a special voting procedure is used to identify spurious sources and discard their data.
In the case of a workstation operating in an enterprise network for a public or private organization, there is often an administrative department that coordinates network services, including NTP. Where available, the addresses of appropriate servers can be provided by that department. However, if this infrastructure is not available, it is necessary to explore some portion of the existing NTP subnet now running in the Internet. There are at present many thousands of time servers running NTP in the Internet, a significant number of which are willing to provide a public time-synchronization service. Some of these are listed in the list of public time servers, which can be accessed via the NTP web page. These data are updated on a regular basis using information provided voluntarily by various site administrators. There are other ways to explore the nearby subnet using the ntptrace and ntpdc programs.
It is vital to carefully consider the issues of robustness and reliability when selecting the sources of synchronization. Normally, not less than three sources should be available, preferably selected to avoid common points of failure. It is usually better to choose sources which are likely to be "close" to you in terms of network topology, though you shouldn't worry overly about this if you are unable to determine who is close and who isn't. Normally, it is much more serious when a server becomes faulty and delivers incorrect time than when it simply stops operating, since an NTP-synchronized host normally can coast for hours or even days without its clock accumulating serious error approaching a second, for instance. Selecting at least three sources from different operating administrations, where possible, is the minimum recommended, although a lesser number could provide acceptable service with a degraded degree of robustness.
Normally, it is not considered good practice for a single workstation to request synchronization from a primary (stratum-1) time server. At present, these servers provide synchronization for hundreds of clients in many cases and could, along with the network access paths, become seriously overloaded if large numbers of workstation clients requested synchronization directly. Therefore, workstations located in sparsely populated administrative domains with no local synchronization infrastructure should request synchronization from nearby stratum-2 servers instead. In most cases the keepers of those servers in the lists of public servers provide unrestricted access without prior permission; however, in all cases it is considered polite to notify the administrator listed in the file upon commencement of regular service. In all cases the access mode and notification requirements listed in the file must be respected. Under no conditions should servers not in these lists be used without prior permission, as to do so can create severe problems in the local infrastructure, especially in cases of dial-up access to the Internet.
In the case of a gateway or file server providing service to a significant number of workstations or file servers in an enterprise network it is even more important to provide multiple, redundant sources of synchronization and multiple, diversity-routed, network access paths. The preferred configuration is at least three administratively coordinated time servers providing service throughout the administrative domain including campus networks and subnetworks. Each of these should obtain service from at least two different outside sources of synchronization, preferably via different gateways and access paths. These sources should all operate at the same stratum level, which is one less than the stratum level to be used by the local time servers themselves. In addition, each of these time servers should peer with all of the other time servers in the local administrative domain at the stratum level used by the local time servers, as well as at least one (different) outside source at this level. This configuration results in the use of six outside sources at a lower stratum level (toward the primary source of synchronization, usually a radio clock), plus three outside sources at the same stratum level, for a total of nine outside sources of synchronization. While this may seem excessive, the actual load on network resources is minimal, since the interval between polling messages exchanged between peers usually ratchets back to no more than one message every 17 minutes.
The stratum level to be used by the local time servers is an engineering choice. As a matter of policy, and in order to reduce the load on the primary servers, it is desirable to use the highest stratum consistent with reliable, accurate time synchronization throughout the administrative domain. In the case of enterprise networks serving hundreds or thousands of client file servers and workstations, conventional practice is to obtain service from stratum-1 primary servers listed for public access. When choosing sources away from the primary sources, the particular synchronization path in use at any time can be verified using the ntptrace program included in this distribution. It is important to avoid loops and possible common points of failure when selecting these sources. Note that, while NTP detects and rejects loops involving neighboring servers, it does not detect loops involving intervening servers. In the unlikely case that all primary sources of synchronization are lost throughout the subnet, the remaining servers on that subnet can form temporary loops and, if the loss continues for an interval of many hours, the servers will drop off the subnet and free-run with respect to their internal (disciplined) timing sources. After some period with no outside timing source (currently one day), a host will declare itself unsynchronized and provide this information to local application programs.
In many cases the purchase of one or more radio clocks is justified, in which cases good engineering practice is to use the configurations described above anyway and connect the radio clock to one of the local servers. This server is then encouraged to participate in a special primary-server subnetwork in which each radio-equipped server peers with several other similarly equipped servers. In this way the radio-equipped server may provide synchronization, as well as receive synchronization, should the local or remote radio clock(s) fail or become faulty. ntpd treats attached radio clock(s) in the same way as other servers and applies the same criteria and algorithms to the time indications, so can detect when the radio fails or becomes faulty and switch to alternate sources of synchronization. It is strongly advised, and in practice for most primary servers today, to employ the authentication or access-control features of the NTP specification in order to protect against hostile intruders and possible destabilization of the time service. Using this or similar strategies, the remaining hosts in the same administrative domain can be synchronized to the three (or more) selected time servers. Assuming these servers are synchronized directly to stratum-1 sources and operate normally as stratum-2, the next level away from the primary source of synchronization, for instance various campus file servers, will operate at stratum 3 and dependent workstations at stratum 4. Engineered correctly, such a subnet will survive all but the most exotic failures or even hostile penetrations of the various, distributed timekeeping resources.
The above arrangement should provide very good, robust time service with a minimum of traffic to distant servers and with manageable loads on the local servers. While it is theoretically possible to extend the synchronization subnet to even higher strata, this is seldom justified and can make the maintenance of configuration files unmanageable. Serving time to a higher stratum peer is very inexpensive in terms of the load on the lower stratum server if the latter is located on the same concatenated LAN. When justified by the accuracy expectations, NTP can be operated in broadcast and multicast modes, so that clients need only listen for periodic broadcasts and do not need to send anything.
When planning your network you might, beyond this, keep in mind a few generic don'ts, in particular:
# peer configuration for host whimsy
# (expected to operate at stratum 2)
server rackety.udel.edu
server umd1.umd.edu
server lilben.tn.cornell.edu
driftfile /etc/ntp.drift
(Note the use of host names, although host addresses in dotted-quad notation
can also be used. It is always preferable to use names rather than addresses,
since over time the addresses can change, while the names seldom change.)
This particular host is expected to operate as a client at stratum 2 by virtue of the server keyword and the fact that two of the three servers declared (the first two) have radio clocks and usually run at stratum 1. The third server in the list has no radio clock, but is known to maintain associations with a number of stratum 1 peers and usually operates at stratum 2. Of particular importance with the last host is that it maintains associations with peers besides the two stratum 1 peers mentioned. This can be verified using the ntpq program mentioned above. When configured using the server keyword, this host can receive synchronization from any of the listed servers, but can never provide synchronization to them.
Unless restricted using facilities described later, this host can provide synchronization to dependent clients, which do not have to be listed in the configuration file. Associations maintained for these clients are transitory and result in no persistent state in the host. These clients are normally not visible using the ntpq program included in the distribution; however, ntpd includes a monitoring feature (described later) which caches a minimal amount of client information useful for debugging administrative purposes.
A time server expected to both receive synchronization from another server, as well as to provide synchronization to it, is declared using the peer keyword instead of the server keyword. In all other aspects the server operates the same in either mode and can provide synchronization to dependent clients or other peers. If a local source of UTC time is available, it is considered good engineering practice to declare time servers outside the administrative domain as peer and those inside as server in order to provide redundancy in the global Internet, while minimizing the possibility of instability within the domain itself. A time server in one domain can in principle heal another domain temporarily isolated from all other sources of synchronization. However, it is probably unwise for a casual workstation to bridge fragments of the local domain which have become temporarily isolated.
Note the inclusion of a driftfile declaration. One of the things the NTP daemon does when it is first started is to compute the error in the intrinsic frequency of the clock on the computer it is running on. It usually takes about a day or so after the daemon is started to compute a good estimate of this (and it needs a good estimate to synchronize closely to its server). Once the initial value is computed, it will change only by relatively small amounts during the course of continued operation. The driftfile declaration indicates to the daemon the name of a file where it may store the current value of the frequency error so that, if the daemon is stopped and restarted, it can reinitialize itself to the previous estimate and avoid the day's worth of time it will take to recompute the frequency estimate. Since this is a desirable feature, a driftfile declaration should always be included in the configuration file.
An implication in the above is that, should ntpd be stopped for some reason, the local platform time will diverge from UTC by an amount that depends on the intrinsic error of the clock oscillator and the time since last synchronized. In view of the length of time necessary to refine the frequency estimate, every effort should be made to operate the daemon on a continuous basis and minimize the intervals when for some reason it is not running.
An NTP implementation conforming to a previous version specification ordinarily discards packets from a later version. However, in most respects documented in RFC-1305, The version 2 implementation is compatible with the version 3 algorithms and protocol. The version 1 implementation contains most of the version 2 algorithms, but without important features for clock selection and robustness. Nevertheless, in most respects the NTP versions are backwards compatible. The sticky part here is that, when a previous version implementation receives a packet claiming to be from a version 4 server, it discards it without further processing. Hence there is a danger that in some situations synchronization with previous versions will fail.
The trouble occurs when an previous version is to be included in an
ntpd configuration file. With no further indication, ntpd
will send packets claiming to be version 4 when it polls. To get around
this, ntpd allows a qualifier to be added to configuration entries
to indicate which version to use when polling. Hence the entries
# specify NTP version 1
server mimsy.mil version 1 # server running ntpd version 1
server apple.com version 2 # server running ntpd version 2
will cause version 1 packets to be sent to the host mimsy.mil and version
2 packets to be sent to apple.com. If you are testing ntpd against
previous version servers you will need to be careful about this. Note that,
as indicated in the RFC-1305 specification, there is no longer support
for the original NTP specification, once called NTP Version 0.
To allow this, ntpd implements a traffic monitoring facility
which records the source address and a minimal amount of other information
from each packet which is received by the server. This feature is normally
enabled, but can be disabled if desired using the configuration file entry:
# disable monitoring feature
disable monitor
The recorded information can be displayed using the ntpdc query
program, described briefly below.
(source_addr & mask) == (address & mask)
A particular source address may match several list entries. In this case
the entry with the most one bits in the mask is chosen. The flags associated
with this entry are used to control the access.
In the current implementation the flags always add restrictions. In effect, an entry with no flags set leaves matching hosts unrestricted. An entry can be added to the internal list using a restrict declaration. The flags associated with the entry are specified textually. For example, the notrust flag indicates that hosts matching this entry, while treated normally in other respects, shouldn't be trusted to provide synchronization even if otherwise so enabled. The nomodify flag indicates that hosts matching this entry should not be allowed to do run-time configuration. There are many more flags, see the ntpd page.
Now the example. Suppose you are running the server on a host whose
address is 128.100.100.7. You would like to ensure that run time reconfiguration
requests can only be made from the local host and that the server only
ever synchronizes to one of a pair of off-campus servers or, failing that,
a time source on net 128.100. The following entries in the configuration
file would implement this policy:
# by default, don't trust and don't allow modifications
restrict default notrust nomodify
# these guys are trusted for time, but no modifications allowed
restrict 128.100.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 nomodify
restrict 128.8.10.1 nomodify
restrict 192.35.82.50 nomodify
# the local addresses are unrestricted
restrict 128.100.100.7
restrict 127.0.0.1
The first entry is the default entry, which all hosts match and hence which
provides the default set of flags. The next three entries indicate that
matching hosts will only have the nomodify flag set and hence
will be trusted for time. If the mask isn't specified in the restrict
keyword, it defaults to 255.255.255.255. Note that the address 128.100.100.7
matches three entries in the table, the default entry (mask 0.0.0.0), the
entry for net 128.100 (mask 255.255.0.0) and the entry for the host itself
(mask 255.255.255.255). As expected, the flags for the host are derived
from the last entry since the mask has the most bits set.
The only other thing worth mentioning is that the restrict declarations apply to packets from all hosts, including those that are configured elsewhere in the configuration file and even including your clock pseudopeer(s), if any. Hence, if you specify a default set of restrictions which you don't wish to be applied to your configured peers, you must remove those restrictions for the configured peers with additional restrict declarations mentioning each peer separately.
This facility requires some minor modifications to the basic packet
processing procedures, as required by the specification. These modifications
are enabled by the enable auth configuration declaration, which
is currently the default. In authenticated mode, peers which send unauthenticated
packets, peers which send authenticated packets which the local server
is unable to decrypt and peers which send authenticated packets encrypted
using a key we don't trust are all marked untrustworthy and unsuitable
for synchronization. Note that, while the server may know many keys (identified
by many key IDs), it is possible to declare only a subset of these as trusted.
This allows the server to share keys with a client which requires authenticated
time and which trusts the server, but which is not trusted by the server.
Also, some additional configuration language is required to specify the
key ID to be used to authenticate each configured peer association. Hence,
for a server running in authenticated mode, the configuration file might
look similar to the following:
# peer configuration for 128.100.100.7
# (expected to operate at stratum 2)
# fully authenticated this time
peer 128.100.49.105 key 22 # suzuki.ccie.utoronto.ca
peer 128.8.10.1 key 4 # umd1.umd.edu
peer 192.35.82.50 key 6 # lilben.tn.cornell.edu
keys /usr/local/etc/ntp.keys # path for key file
trustedkey 1 2 14 15 # define trusted keys
requestkey 15 # key (7) for accessing server variables
controlkey 15 # key (6) for accessing server variables
authdelay 0.000094 # authentication delay (Sun4c/50 IPX)
There are a couple of previously unmentioned things in here. The keys
line specifies the path to the keys file (see below and the ntpd
document page for details of the file format). The trustedkey
declaration identifies those keys that are known to be uncompromised; the
remainder presumably represent the expired or possibly compromised keys.
Both sets of keys must be declared by key identifier in the ntp.keys
file described below. This provides a way to retire old keys while minimizing
the frequency of delicate key-distribution procedures. The requestkey
line establishes the key to be used for mode-6 control messages as specified
in RFC-1305 and used by the ntpq utility program, while the controlkey
line establishes the key to be used for mode-7 private control messages
used by the ntpdc utility program. These keys are used to prevent
unauthorized modification of daemon variables.
Ordinarily, the authentication delay; that is, the processing time taken
between the freezing of a transmit timestamp and the actual transmission
of the packet when authentication is enabled (i.e. more or less the time
it takes for the DES or MD5 routine to encrypt a single block) is computed
automatically by the daemon. If necessary, the delay can be overriden by
the authdelay line, which is used as a correction for the transmit
timestamp. This can be computed for your CPU by the authspeed
program included in the distribution. The usage is illustrated by the
following:
# for DES keys
authspeed -n 30000 auth.samplekeys
# for MD5 keys
authspeed -mn 30000 auth.samplekeys
Additional utility programs included in the ./authstuff directory
can be used to generate random keys, certify implementation correctness
and display sample keys. As a general rule, keys should be chosen randomly,
except possibly the request and control keys, which must be entered by
the user as a password.
The ntp.keys file contains the list of keys and associated
key IDs the server knows about (for obvious reasons this file is better
left unreadable by anyone except root). The contents of this file might
look like:
# ntp keys file (ntp.keys)
1 N 29233E0461ECD6AE # des key in NTP format
2 M RIrop8KPPvQvYotM # md5 key as an ASCII random string
14 M sundial # md5 key as an ASCII string
15 A sundial # des key as an ASCII string
# the following 3 keys are identical
10 A SeCReT
10 N d3e54352e5548080
10 S a7cb86a4cba80101
In the keys file the first token on each line indicates the key ID, the
second token the format of the key and the third the key itself. There
are four key formats. An A indicates a DES key written as a 1-to-8
character string in 7-bit ASCII representation, with each character standing
for a key octet (like a Unix password). An S indicates a DES key
written as a hex number in the DES standard format, with the low order
bit (LSB) of each octet being the (odd) parity bit. An N indicates
a DES key again written as a hex number, but in NTP standard format with
the high order bit of each octet being the (odd) parity bit (confusing
enough?). An M indicates an MD5 key written as a 1-to-31 character
ASCII string in the A format. Note that, because of the simple
tokenizing routine, the characters ' ', '#', '\t', '\n' and '\0'
can't be used in either a DES or MD5 ASCII key. Everything else is fair
game, though. Key 0 (zero) is used for special purposes and should not
appear in this file.
The big trouble with the authentication facility is the keys file. It is a maintenance headache and a security problem. This should be fixed some day. Presumably, this whole bag of worms goes away if/when a generic security regime for the Internet is established. An alternative with NTP Version 4 is the autokey feature, which uses random session keys and public-key cruptography and avoids the key file entirely. While this feature is not completely finished yet, details can be found in the Release Notes page.
ntptrace can be used to display the current synchronization path from a selected host through possibly intervening servers to the primary source of synchronization, usually a radio clock. It works with both version 2 and version 3 servers, but not version 1.
ntpdc is a horrid program which uses NTP private mode-7 control messages to query local or remote servers. The format and contents of these messages are specific to this version of ntpd and some older versions. The program does allow inspection of a wide variety of internal counters and other state data, and hence does make a pretty good debugging tool, even if it is frustrating to use. The other thing of note about ntpdc is that it provides a user interface to the run time reconfiguration facility. See the respective document pages for details on the use of these programs.
Nearly all of the things it is possible to configure in the configuration
file may be altered via NTP mode-7 messages using the ntpdc program.
Mode-6 messages may also provide some limited configuration functionality
(though the only thing you can currently do with mode-6 messages is set
the leap-second warning bits) and the ntpq program provides generic
support for the latter. The leap bits that can be set in the leap_warning
variable (up to one month ahead) and in the leap_indication variable
have a slightly different encoding than the usual interpretation:
Value Action
00 The daemon passes the leap bits of its
synchronisation source (usual mode of operation)
01/10 A leap second is added/deleted
11 Leap information from the synchronization source
is ignored (thus LEAP_NOWARNING is passed on)
Mode-6 and mode-7 messages which would modify the configuration of the
server are required to be authenticated using standard NTP authentication.
To enable the facilities one must, in addition to specifying the location
of a keys file, indicate in the configuration file the key IDs to be used
for authenticating reconfiguration commands. Hence the following fragment
might be added to a configuration file to enable the mode-6 (ntpq) and
mode-7 (ntpdc) facilities in the daemon:
# specify mode-6 and mode-7 trusted keys
requestkey 65535 # for mode-7 requests
controlkey 65534 # for mode-6 requests
If the requestkey and/or the controlkey configuration
declarations are omitted from the configuration file, the corresponding
run-time reconfiguration facility is disabled.
The query programs require the user to specify a key ID and a key to use for authenticating requests to be sent. The key ID provided should be the same as the one mentioned in the configuration file, while the key should match that corresponding to the key ID in the keys file. As the query programs prompt for the key as a password, it is useful to make the request and control authentication keys typeable (in ASCII format) from the keyboard.
In order to prevent configuration delays due to the name resolver, the daemon runs the name resolution process in parallel with the main daemon code. When the daemon comes across a peer or server entry with a non-numeric host address, it records the relevant information in a temporary file and continues on. When the end of the configuration file has been reached and one or more entries requiring name resolution have been found, the server runs the name resolver from the temporary file. The server then continues on normally but with the offending peers/servers omitted from its configuration.
As each name is resolved, it configures the associated entry into the server using the same mode-7 run time reconfiguration facility that ntpdc uses. If temporary resolver failures occur, the resolver will periodically retry the requests until a definite response is received. The program will continue to run until all entries have been resolved.
However, in the case of certain notorious platforms, in particular Sun 4.1.1 systems, the performance can be improved by adjusting the values of certain kernel variables; in particular, tick and tickadj. The variable tick is the increment in microseconds added to the system time on each interval- timer interrupt, while the variable tickadj is used by the time adjustment code as a slew rate, in microseconds per tick. When the time is being adjusted via a call to the system routine adjtime(), the kernel increases or reduces tick by tickadj microseconds per tick until the specified adjustment has been completed. Unfortunately, in most Unix implementations the tick increment must be either zero or plus/minus exactly tickadj microseconds, meaning that adjustments are truncated to be an integral multiple of tickadj (this latter behaviour is a misfeature, and is the only reason the tickadj code needs to concern itself with the internal implementation of tickadj at all). In addition, the stock Unix implementation considers it an error to request another adjustment before a prior one has completed.
Thus, to make very sure it avoids problems related to the roundoff, the tickadj program can be used to adjust the values of tick and tickadj. This ensures that all adjustments given to adjtime() are an even multiple of tickadj microseconds and computes the largest adjustment that can be completed in the adjustment interval (using both the value of tick and the value of tickadj) so it can avoid exceeding this limit. It is important to note that not all systems will allow inspection or modification of kernel variables other than at system build time. It is also important to know that, with the current NTP tolerances, it is rarely necessary to make these changes, but in many cases they will substantially improve the general accurace of the time service.
Unfortunately, the value of tickadj set by default is almost always too large for ntpd. NTP operates by continuously making small adjustments to the clock, usually at one-second intervals. If tickadj is set too large, the adjustments will disappear in the roundoff; while, if tickadj is too small, NTP will have difficulty if it needs to make an occasional large adjustment. While the daemon itself will read the kernel's values of these variables, it will not change the values, even if they are unsuitable. You must do this yourself before the daemon is started using the tickadj program included in the ./util directory of the distribution. Note that the latter program will also compute an optimal value of tickadj for NTP use based on the kernel's value of tick.
The tickadj program can reset several other kernel variables if asked. It can change the value of tick if asked. This is handy to compensate for kernel bugs which cause the clock to run with a very large frequency error, as with SunOS 4.1.1 systems. It can also be used to set the value of the kernel dosynctodr variable to zero. This variable controls whether to synchronize the system clock to the time-of-day clock, something you really don't want to be happen when ntpd is trying to keep it under control. In some systems, such as recent Sun Solaris kernels, the dosynctodr variable is the only one that can be changed by the tickadj program. In this and other modern kernels, it is not necessary to change the other variables in any case.
In order to maintain reasonable correctness bounds, as well as reasonably
good accuracy with acceptable polling intervals, ntpd will complain
if the frequency error is greater than 500 PPM. For machines with a value
of tick in the 10-ms range, a change of one in the value of tick
will change the frequency by about 100 PPM. In order to determine the value
of tick for a particular CPU, disconnect the machine from all
sources of time (dosynctodr = 0) and record its actual time compared
to an outside source (eyeball-and-wristwatch will do) over a day or more.
Multiply the time change over the day by 0.116 and add or subtract the
result to tick, depending on whether the CPU is fast or slow. An example
call to tickadj useful on SunOS 4.1.1 is:
tickadj -t 9999 -a 5 -s
which sets tick 100 PPM fast, tickadj to 5 microseconds and turns
off the clock/calendar chip fiddle. This line can be added to the rc.local
configuration file to automatically set the kernel variables at boot time.
All this stuff about diddling kernel variables so the NTP daemon will work is really silly. If vendors would ship machines with clocks that kept reasonable time and would make their adjtime() system call apply the slew it is given exactly, independent of the value of tickadj, all this could go away. This is in fact the case on many current Unix systems.
When only the smallest residual jitter can be tolerated, it may be convenient
to elect one of the servers at each stratum level as the preferred one
using the keyword prefer on the configuration declaration for
the selected server:
# preferred server declaration
peer rackety.udel.edu prefer # preferred server
The preferred server will always be included in the surviving population,
regardless of its characteristics and as long as it survives preliminary
sanity checks and validation procedures.
The most useful application of the prefer keyword is in high speed LANs equipped with precision radio clocks, such as a GPS receiver. In order to insure robustness, the hosts need to include outside peers as well as the GPS-equipped server; however, as long as that server is running, the synchronization preference should be that server. The keyword should normally be used in all cases in order to prefer an attached radio clock. It is probably inadvisable to use this keyword for peers outside the LAN, since it interferes with the carefully crafted judgement of the selection and combining algorithms.
Because clocks look much like peers, both configuration file syntax
and run time reconfiguration commands can be used to control clocks in
the same way as ordinary peers. Clocks are configured via server
declarations in the configuration file, can be started and stopped using
ntpdc and are subject to address-and-mask restrictions much like a normal
peer, should this stretch of imagination ever be useful. As a concession
to the need to sometimes transmit additional information to clock drivers,
an additional configuration file is available: the fudge statement.
This enables one to specify the values of two time quantities, two integral
values and two flags, the use of which is dependent on the particular clock
driver. For example, to configure a PST radio clock which can be accessed
through the serial device /dev/pst1, with propagation delays to
WWV and WWVH of 7.5 and 26.5 milliseconds, respectively, on a machine with
an imprecise system clock and with the driver set to disbelieve the radio
clock once it has gone 30 minutes without an update, one might use the
following configuration file entries:
# radio clock fudge fiddles
server 127.127.3.1
fudge 127.127.3.1 time1 0.0075 time2 0.0265
fudge 127.127.3.1 value2 30 flag1 1
Additional information on the interpretation of these data with respect
to various radio clock drivers is given in the Reference
Clock Drivers document page and in the individual driver documents
accessible via that page.
In the Internet of today synchronization paths often span continents and oceans with moderate to high variations in delay due to traffic spasms. NTP is specifically designed to minimize timekeeping jitter due to delay variations using intricately crafted filtering and selection algorithms; however, in cases where these variations are as much as a second or more, the residual jitter following these algorithms may still be excessive. Sometimes, as in the case of some isolated NTP subnets where a local source of precision time is available, such as a PPS signal produced by a calibrated cesium clock, it is possible to remove the jitter and retime the local clock oscillator of the NTP server. This has turned out to be a useful feature to improve the synchronization quality of time distributed in remote places where radio clocks are not available. In these cases special features of the distribution are used together with the PPS signal to provide a jitter-free timing signal, while NTP itself is used to provide the coarse timing and resolve the seconds numbering.
Most available radio clocks can provide time to an accuracy in the order of milliseconds, depending on propagation conditions, local noise levels and so forth. However, as a practical matter, all clocks can occasionally display errors significantly exceeding nominal specifications. Usually, the algorithms used by NTP for ordinary network peers, as well as radio clock peers will detect and discard these errors as discrepancies between the disciplined local clock oscillator and the decoded time message produced by the radio clock. Some radio clocks can produce a special PPS signal which can be interfaced to the server platform in a number of ways and used to substantially improve the (disciplined) clock oscillator jitter and wander characteristics by at least an order of magnitude. Using these features it is possible to achieve accuracies in the order of a few tens of microseconds with a fast RISC- based platform.
There are three ways to implement PPS support, depending on the radio clock model, platform model and serial line interface. These are described in detail in the application notes mentioned in the The Network Time Protocol (NTP) Distribution document page. Each of these requires circuitry to convert the TTL signal produced by most clocks to the EIA levels used by most serial interfaces. The Gadget Box PPS Level Converter and CHU Modem document page describes a device designed to do this. Besides being useful for this purpose, this device includes an inexpensive modem designed for use with the Canadian CHU time/frequency radio station.
In order to select the appropriate implementation, it is important to understand the underlying PPS mechanism used by ntpd. The PPS support depends on a continuous source of PPS pulses used to calculate an offset within +-500 milliseconds relative to the local clock. The serial timecode produced by the radio or the time determined by NTP in absence of the radio is used to adjust the local clock within +-128 milliseconds of the actual time. As long as the local clock is within this interval the PPS support is used to discipline the local clock and the timecode used only to verify that the local clock is in fact within the interval. Outside this interval the PPS support is disabled and the timecode used directly to control the local clock.