What References Do

PHP references allow you to make two variables to refer to the same content. Meaning, when you do:


<?php
$a =& $b;
?>

it means that $a and $b point to the same content.

Note: $a and $b are completely equal here, that's not $a is pointing to $b or vice versa, that's $a and $b pointing to the same place.

Note: If array with references is copied, its values are not dereferenced. This is valid also for arrays passed by value to functions.

Note: If you assign, pass or return an undefined variable by reference, it will get created.

Example#1 Using references with undefined variables

<?php function foo(&$var) { } foo($a); // $a is "created" and assigned to null $b = array(); foo($b['b']); var_dump(array_key_exists('b', $b)); // bool(true) $c = new StdClass; foo($c->d); var_dump(property_exists($c, 'd')); // bool(true) ?>

The same syntax can be used with functions, that return references, and with new operator (in PHP 4.0.4 and later):


<?php
$bar =& new fooclass();
$foo =& find_var($bar);
?>

Since PHP 5, new return reference automatically so using =& in this context is deprecated and produces E_STRICT level message.

Note: Not using the & operator causes a copy of the object to be made. If you use $this in the class it will operate on the current instance of the class. The assignment without & will copy the instance (i.e. the object) and $this will operate on the copy, which is not always what is desired. Usually you want to have a single instance to work with, due to performance and memory consumption issues.
While you can use the @ operator to mute any errors in the constructor when using it as @new, this does not work when using the &new statement. This is a limitation of the Zend Engine and will therefore result in a parser error.

Warning

If you assign a reference to a variable declared global inside a function, the reference will be visible only inside the function. You can avoid this by using the $GLOBALS array.

Example#2 Referencing global variables inside function


<?php
$var1 = "Example variable";
$var2 = "";

function global_references($use_globals)
{
    global $var1, $var2;
    if (!$use_globals) {
        $var2 =& $var1; // visible only inside the function
    } else {
        $GLOBALS["var2"] =& $var1; // visible also in global context
    }
}

global_references(false);
echo "var2 is set to '$var2'\n"; // var2 is set to ''
global_references(true);
echo "var2 is set to '$var2'\n"; // var2 is set to 'Example variable'
?>

Think about global $var; as a shortcut to $var =& $GLOBALS['var'];. Thus assigning other reference to $var only changes the local variable's reference.

Note: If you assign a value to a variable with references in a foreach statement, the references are modified too.

Example#3 References and foreach statement

<?php $ref = 0; $row =& $ref; foreach (array(1, 2, 3) as $row) { // do something } echo $ref; // 3 - last element of the iterated array ?>

The second thing references do is to pass variables by-reference. This is done by making a local variable in a function and a variable in the calling scope reference to the same content. Example:


<?php
function foo(&$var)
{
    $var++;
}

$a=5;
foo($a);
?>

will make $a to be 6. This happens because in the function foo the variable $var refers to the same content as $a. See also more detailed explanations about passing by reference.

The third thing reference can do is return by reference.