ization (ISO), describing how any combination of devices can be connected
for the purpose of communication. The OSI model divides the task into
seven functional layers, forming a hierarchy with the applications at the top
and the physical medium at the bottom, and it defines the functions each
layer must provide. See also: application layer, data link layer, network
layer, physical layer, presentation layer, session layer, and transport layer.
include multipath routing, load balancing, and least-cost routing. OSPF is
the suggested successor to RIP in the Internet environment. See also:
Enhanced IGRP, IGP, and IP.
this OUI on each and every card they manufacture. The OUI is 3 bytes (24
bits) long. The manufacturer then adds a 3-byte identifier to uniquely iden-
tify the host on an internetwork. The total length of the address is 48 bits (6
bytes) and is called a hardware address or MAC address.
interfaced through the local LAN or WAN or a dial-in modem. Compare to:
in-band management.
transfer. For example, the initial configuration of a Cisco Catalyst switch
requires an out-of-band connection via a console port.
encapsulated in headers and/or trailers that contain information about
where the packet came from, where it's going, and so on. The various pro-
tocols involved in sending a transmission add their own layers of header
information, which the corresponding protocols in receiving devices then
interpret.