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58 Chapter 2: Business and Technical Requirements
Switches can be used alongside hubs to provide the bandwidth required by power users or
special applications.
Switches can provide the solution to media problems.
Protocols
Protocol problems are usually detected by excessive broadcasts on the network. Too many
broadcasts happen when the wrong protocols are selected for a certain design. Although one
protocol might be ideal for a small network, it might fail miserably when asked to perform for
a large network.
Broadcasts become excessive when so many updates, announcements, and checkup services are
running that there is not enough bandwidth remaining for the regular data payload to pass
through. Desktop protocols, which were designed during the earliest days of campus LAN
evolution, deliberately use multicasts and broadcasts for resource discovery and advertisement.
A flat network is a network that consists of one virtual LAN. Traditional bridges and switches
that have not been segmented operate on a flat network. With a flat network, all the nodes are
subject to the same amount of broadcast traffic.
In a flat network, there is a mathematical limit on the number of broadcasts that workstations
on the network can tolerate before they become overwhelmed. When proprietary protocols such
as IPX and AppleTalk were the standard for desktop protocols, controlling broadcasts was a
major concern. Now that TCP/IP has become the de facto standard for desktop protocols, the
CCDP can neutralize this problem by selecting TCP/IP as the operating protocol. All major
network operating systems support TCP/IP. Microsoft and Novell, the two largest
manufacturers of network operating systems, now use TCP/IP as their default protocol.
Routers can provide a remedy for excessive broadcasts and protocol problems.
NOTE
NetBEUI is an example of a protocol that works fabulously on a small network. In fact,
NetBEUI might even be recommended on a home network. CCDPs who recommend NetBEUI
for a large network might find their next design assignment at the unemployment office!
Transport
In the beginning, local- and wide-area communications remained logically separate. 80 to 90
percent of network access was done locally. New applications and the economics of supporting
them, however, are forcing these conventions to change. In the near future, we should expect 80
to 90 percent of network access to be done remotely. Users who require multimedia to the
desktop have shattered the conventional rules of design. Very soon, the majority of users will
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