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616 Chapter 16: Voice Techniques
QoS starts in the WAN. Often, much consideration is given to campus design speed and router
selection without giving regard to the WAN. Remember that a network chain is no stronger than
its weakest link. Most designers ignore the carrier because, for the most part, what the carrier
does is beyond the designer's control. Designing a VoIP network for QoS is tough because the
network designer does not have control over all the elements. The designer has no control over
the service provider network. All this increases the significance of the importance of tweaking
the QoS parameter by an order of magnitude. Cisco provides QoS tools to give the network
designers what they need to control the bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss that can
combine to deprive the network of a consistent level of voice quality.
Not all QoS techniques are appropriate for all network routers. Because edge routers and
backbone routers in a network do not necessarily perform the same operations, the configured
assignments for QoS should be expected to vary. To configure an IP network for real-time voice
traffic, consider the functions of both edge and backbone routers in the network.
In a general sense, edge routers perform packet classification, admission control, and
configuration management, whereas backbone routers might be expected to perform congestion
management and congestion avoidance.
The foundation of any voice-over-data network is a QoS-enabled infrastructure.
The biggest challenge in designing a packet or cell network to support voice is providing the
same level of quality that the user had in the original voice network.
The following factors have the largest impact on voice quality in a network:
·
Delay
·
Delay variation
·
Loss
·
Echo
Delay
Three types of delay are inherent in voice networks:
·
Propagation
·
Handling
·
Queuing
The largest factor in delay is the distance between points in a network. In a phone call across
town, the delay due to distance is hardly noticeable because the signals travel at the speed of
light. In a phone call to someone 100,000 miles away, the delay can be perceptible. The time
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