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Index

Note to the Reader: Throughout this index boldfaced page numbers indicate primary discussions of a topic. Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations.

A
AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer), 484
AAL1 (ATM Adaptation Layer 1), 484
AAL2 (ATM Adaptation Layer 2), 484
AAL3/4 (ATM Adaptation Layer 3/4), 484
AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5), 290–294, 291, 485
AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol), 188, 485
AARP probe packets, 485
A&B bit signaling, 484
ABM (Asynchronous Balanced Mode), 485
ABRs (area border routers)
defined, 485
in OSPF, 160
Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1), 489
abuse of data, 368
academic arena, future of networking in, 435–436
acceptable use policies, 432
access-group command, 202
access layer in three-tier network model, 20, 21, 24–25
Access-list command, 219
access lists, 376–377, 433, 485
in AppleTalk networks, 200
in flat network model, 12
interface-level, 372
in IPX, 231
in IPX SAP, 218–219
in three-tier network model, 22–23
time-based and reflexive, 377–378
in Windows networking, 244
access methods, 485
access servers, 485
accounting in security, 385
ACK (acknowledgment) bits, 377
acknowledgments, 485
ACR (allowed cell rate), 486
Active Monitors, 486
AD (administrative distance) parameter, 286
adaptability in network design, 5
address mapping
defined, 486
in Frame Relay, 283
address masks, 486
address resolution, 486
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 489
address summarization
in BGP, 170
in TCP/IP, 116–118
address translation gateway (ATG), 489
addresses and address assignments
in AppleTalk networks, 189–191
in AURP, 199
in DHCP, 255–256
in IP. SeeIP addresses
in IPX, 215
in LANs, 72
MAC, 518
multicast, 521
in network design, 33
in OSPF, 160
in SMDS, 301
spoofing, 377
in TCP/IP, 104–105
translation of, 100, 108, 374–375, 374, 521
adjacency, 486
adjacency tables, 122
Adjunct-RIB-In process table, 172
Adjunct-RIB-Out process table, 172
administration in network design, 399
administrative distance, 486
in routers, 110–112
in WANs, 286
administrative weight, 486
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) technology, 324
ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol), 186
ADSU (ATM Data Service Unit), 486
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN), 348–350
advertisements, 486
link-state, 163–164
SAP, 218–219, 223, 228
AEP (AppleTalk Echo Protocol), 186, 487
AFI (Authority and Format Identifier), 487
AFP (AppleTalk File Protocol)
defined, 487
IPX support for, 216
AIP (ATM Interface Processor), 487
algorithms, 487
alignment errors, 487
all-routes explorer packets, 487
allowed cell rate (ACR), 486
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) linecode, 487
always-on ISDN, 315
AM (Amplitude Modulation), 487
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 488
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), 489
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) linecode, 487
amortization of equipment, 9
amplitude, 487
Amplitude Modulation (AM), 487
analog transmissions, 487
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 488
ANSI T1.617 Annex D, 282
anycast addresses, 488
AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP), 188, 485
AppleTalk Control Protocol (ATCP), 489
AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP), 186
AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP), 186, 487
AppleTalk File Protocol (AFP)
defined, 487
IPX support for, 216
AppleTalk networks, 184–189, 187, 488
access lists in, 200
addressing in, 189–191
AURP in, 198–199, 199
broadcasts in, 30, 184, 192
EIGRP in, 197–198
interoperability in, 206
IOS features for, 199–205
IPX support for, 216
Macintosh IP in, 205
naming in, 191–195, 195
real world design, 204
review questions, 207–212
RTMP in, 196–197
summary, 206
tunnels in, 203–204
ZIP in, 200–201
AppleTalk Remote Access (ARA)
defined, 488
MacIP for, 205
AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP), 489
AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP), 490
AppleTalk Update-based Routing Protocol (AURP), 198–199, 199, 491
application layer, 488
application-level firewalls, 371
applications in network design
availability of, 404
requirements of, 403
response time of, 404
APPN (Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking), 348–350
ARA (AppleTalk Remote Access)
defined, 488
MacIP for, 205
Architecture of Voice, Video and Integrated Data (AVVID) initiative, 418
area border routers (ABRs)
defined, 485
in OSPF, 160
areas, 488
in IS-IS, 174
in OSPF, 161–163
ARM (Asynchronous Response Mode), 488
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 489
ASBRs (autonomous system boundary routers)
defined, 489
in OSPF, 160
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), 489
ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation 1), 489
ASP (AppleTalk Session Protocol), 489
ASs (autonomous systems), 491
in AT EIGRP, 197
in BGP, 170
in EIGRP, 149, 154
in OSPF, 161
AST (Automatic Spanning Tree), 489
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) technology, 324
asymmetric routing in EIGRP, 158
Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM), 485
Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM), 488
asynchronous time-division multiplexing (ATDM), 489
Asynchronous Transfer Mode). See ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
asynchronous transmissions, 489
AT EIGRP, 197
ATCP (AppleTalk Control Protocol), 489
ATDM (asynchronous time-division multiplexing), 489
ATG (address translation gateway), 489
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 5, 80–81, 287–288, 490
ATM adaptation layer 5, 290–294, 291
broadcasts with, 82
with LAN Emulation Client, 81–82
with LAN Emulation Configuration Server, 83
with LAN Emulation Server, 82
with LANE, 58, 81, 83, 84
for LANs, 57
permanent virtual circuits in, 294–296, 295
routing in, 297–298
StrataCom switches in, 298–300
switched virtual circuits in, 296, 297
virtual path and virtual circuit identifiers in, 288–289, 289–290
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), 484
ATM Adaptation Layer 1 (AAL1), 484
ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL2), 484
ATM Adaptation Layer 3/4 (AAL3/4), 484
ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5), 290–294, 291, 485
ATM ARP servers, 490
ATM Data Service Unit (ADSU), 486
ATM endpoints, 490
ATM Forum, 287, 490
ATM Interface Processor (AIP), 487
ATM layer, 490
ATM user-user connections, 490
ATMM (ATM Management), 490
ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol), 490
attenuation, 491
AURP (AppleTalk Update-based Routing Protocol), 198–199, 199, 491
AURP tunnels, 491
authentication and authorization, 382–385, 403
Authority and Format Identifier (AFI), 487
authority zones, 491
auto-sense function, 282
automatic addressing, 215
automatic call reconnect, 491
automatic failover, 420
automatic naming, 215
automatic redistribution feature
in EIGRP, 157
in NLSP, 226
Automatic Spanning Tree (AST), 489
autonomous confederations, 491
autonomous/silicon load balancing, 217
autonomous switching
defined, 491
in IP, 119
Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBRs), 489
defined, 489
in OSPF, 160
autonomous systems (ASs), 491
in AT EIGRP, 197
in BGP, 170
in EIGRP, 149, 154
in OSPF, 161
autoreconfiguration, 491
availability requirements, 404
AVVID (Architecture of Voice, Video and Integrated Data) initiative, 418
B
B channels
bandwidth of, 315–316
defined, 492
B8ZS (Binary 8-Zero Substitution) linecode, 491
back ends, 492
backbones, 74, 76, 492
dual, 344–345, 345
in OSPF, 159–160
for scalability, 5
Backup Domain Controllers (BDCs), 245
backup interfaces, 287
backup strategies, 368–369
Backward-Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) bits, 492
bandwidth, 153, 492
in ATM, 85
in cable modems, 325
demand for, 432
in DSL, 323
in EIGRP, 155
in IGRP, 143
in ISDN, 315–316
in network design, 33–35, 34
in NLSP, 227
in OSPF, 165
in QoS, 419
for routing protocols, 135
in RTMP, 196–197
baseband technology, 492
baselining, 407
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
defined, 493
for remote access networks, 321
bastion hosts, 32, 362
baud unit, 492
BDCs (Backup Domain Controllers), 245
beacon frames, 492
BECN (Backward-Explicit Congestion Notification) bits, 492
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 169–173
BGP4, 492
BILLder application, 300
billing models, 7
Binary 8-Zero Substitution (B8ZS) linecode, 491
binary numbering system, 492
BISDN (Broadband ISDN), 493
Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP), 492
bit-oriented protocols, 493
bit rate settings in CLP, 293
bit splitting, 162
black holes
in discontiguous networks, 116
in EIGRP, 150
in Layer 2 and Layer 3 design, 423–426, 423–425
bonus exam, 462–476
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 169–173
border gateways, 493
BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units), 493
BPX/AXIS switches, 299
BRI (Basic Rate Interface), 315
defined, 493
for remote access networks, 321
Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs), 493
bridges
defined, 493
for LANs, 63–65
Broadband ISDN (BISDN), 493
broadband transmission systems, 493
broadcast-and-unknown server (BUS)
with ATM, 82
defined, 494
broadcast domains, 494
broadcast storms, 494
broadcasts, 493
in AppleTalk networks, 30, 184, 192
in IPX, 216
in IPX SAP, 218
in LANs, 71
in NetBIOS over IPX, 229
as network design issue, 29–30
in SMDS, 301
in Windows networking, 243–244
in WINS, 248
broadcasts-per-second values, 216, 243
Browse Masters, 260
budget constraints, 6–7, 402
buffers
in ATM, 80
defined, 494
bursts
in Frame Relay, 279
in network design, 405
BUS (broadcast and unknown server)
with ATM, 82
defined, 494
bus topology, 494
buses, 494
business issues in network design
constraints, 402
relationships, 36–37
requirements, 400
BX.25, 494
bypass mode, 494
bypass relays, 494
byte-oriented protocols, 494
C
cable installers, 61–62
cable modems, 325–326
cable ranges
in AppleTalk addresses, 190–191
defined, 495
cabling
for LANs, 59–62
life of, 4
in network design, 8
security risks in, 380–381
CAC (Connection Admission Control), 495
caching
in security, 376
in Windows networking, 244
call admission controls, 495
call priority, 495
call set-up time, 495
capacity planning, 431–432
in network design, 403
in three-tier network model, 19–20
Carrier Detect (CD) signal, 495
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), 500
case management, 430–431
Category 5 wires, 8
CBR (constant bit rate)
in CLP, 293
defined, 495
CCO (Cisco Connection Online) Web site, 430
CD (Carrier Detect) signal, 495
CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), 57
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), 168, 495
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 121–123
Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (CDVT), 495
Cell Error Ratio (CER), 496
Cell Loss Priority (CLP)
in ATM adaptation layer 5, 293
defined, 498
Cell Loss Ratio (CLR), 498
cell payload scrambling, 496
cell relays, 496
cell tax in ATM, 85, 294
Cell Transfer Delay (CTD), 500
cells, 496
Central Office (CO), 498
centralization for security, 31
Centrex service, 496
CEO support attacks, 367
CER (Cell Error Ratio), 496
CGMP (Cisco Group Messaging Protocol), 416
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), 278
defined, 496
in PPP, 315
change management, 403
Channel Interface Processor (CIP), 497
Channel Service Unit (CSU), 500
channelized E1, 496
channelized T1, 496
channels
in ISDN, 315–316
in mainframes, 336
chaos encryption systems, 379
CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), 278
defined, 496
in PPP, 315
cheap components, 7
checksums, 496
choke packets, 497
Chooser tool, 192, 194–195, 195
CICS (Customer Information Control System), 336
CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing), 100, 155, 497
CIP (Channel Interface Processor), 497
CIR (committed information rate)
defined, 497
in Frame Relay, 280
Cisco Connection Online (CCO) Web site, 430
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP), 168, 495
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), 121–123
Cisco FRAD, 497
Cisco Group Messaging Protocol (CGMP), 416
Cisco IOS software
for AppleTalk networks, 199–205
defined, 497
CiscoFusion architecture, 497
CiscoView tool, 497
CiscoWorks network management suite
for monitoring and management, 406–407
for trend analysis, 431
classes in IP addresses, 98–101
classful routing protocols, 96–97
classical IP over ATM, 498
Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR), 100, 155, 497
classless routing protocols, 97
CLI (command-line interface) in Cisco-Works, 406–407
clients, network design with, 41–42
CLNP (Connectionless Network Protocol), 174
CLP (Cell Loss Priority)
in ATM adaptation layer 5, 293
defined, 498
CLR (Cell Loss Ratio), 498
cluster controllers, 334
clustering, 106
CNN (Composite Network Node) service, 349
CO (Central Office), 498
collapsed backbones, 76
defined, 498
dual, 345
collision domains, 498
collisions
defined, 498
as network design issue, 31
command-line interface (CLI) in CiscoWorks, 406–407
committed information rate (CIR)
defined, 497
in Frame Relay, 280
Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS), 500
compatibility in DLSw, 342
complexity in ATM, 85
Composite Network Node (CNN) service, 349
conception in network design, 3, 401
Concord Network Health product
reports in, 73
for trend analysis, 431
concurrent usage in network design, 7–8
configuration in network design, 35–36,40
configuration registers, 498
congestion, 498
congestion avoidance, 498
congestion collapse, 499
Connection Admission Control (CAC), 495
Connection Associated Layer Management information, 292
connection-oriented communication, 499
connectionless communication, 499
Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP), 174
connections
ESCON, 336
for routing protocols, 113
connectors for LANs, 59–60
constant bit rate (CBR) service
in CLP, 293
defined, 495
constraints in network design, 402
consultants for security, 364
contention
in LANs, 71
as network design issue, 31
contracting requirements in network design, 402
control direct VCC, 499
control distribute VCC, 499
control in remote access networks, 318–319
control point (CP) service, 348
convergence and convergence time, 499
in EIGRP, 152, 152, 155
in IGRP, 146–147
in IP, 132, 135
in OSPF, 166
in RIP, 141
copper cables
vs. fiber, 61
for LANs, 59
security risks in, 381
Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), 57
core layer in three-tier network model, 20–21, 21–22
corruption of data, 368
cost, 499
in network design, 6–10,399
in ring network model, 14
in security, 363
in star network model, 13
in three-tier network model, 18
in WANs, 276–277
counting to infinity, 499
CP (control point) service, 348
CPCS (Common Part Convergence Sublayer), 500
CPE (Customer Premises Equipment), 500
CPU for EIGRP routers, 156
crankback mechanism, 500
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), 500
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), 500
CSU (Channel Service Unit), 500
CTD (Cell Transfer Delay), 500
custom queuing, 346–347, 347
Customer Information Control System (CICS), 336
customer needs specification documents, 405
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), 500
cut-through switching mode, 64, 500
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), 500
D
D channels
bandwidth of, 315
defined, 501
Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE), 501
Data Country Code (DCC), 501
data direct VCC, 501
Data Exchange Interface (DXI), 504
Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs)
defined, 503
for PVCs, 280–281
data-link layer, 501
Data Network Identification Codes (DNICs), 313
Data Service Units (DSUs), 503
Data Set Ready (DSR) devices, 503
data terminal equipment (DTE), 503
data terminal ready (DTR) circuit, 504
data throughput in network design, 405
Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP), 188, 502
datagrams, 501
DCC (Data Country Code), 501
DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment), 501
DDNS (Dynamic Domain Name Service), 250
DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol), 188, 502
DDR (dial-on-demand routing) circuits, 502
and administrative distance, 111
in Frame Relay, 285–286, 286
in IPX, 232–233
debug command, 406
dedicated WAN services, 273
default routes, 502
delays, 502
in IGRP, 143
in IPX RIP, 217
in IPXWAN, 220
in OSPF, 166
in SNA, 339
demarcation points, 421, 502
demilitarized zones (DMZs), 32, 361–362
demodulation, 502
demultiplexing, 502
denial-of-service (DOS) attacks, 377
dense mode in PIM, 417
designated bridges, 502
designated routers, 159, 163
desktop protocols for Windows, 243–244
destination addresses, 503
Destination Service Access Points (DSAPs), 503
detecting security attacks, 364–367
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 250–251
address assignments in, 255–256
lease length in, 252, 253
vs. LECS, 83
server redundancy in, 254–255
in three-tier network model, 24
with WINS, 249
diagnostics with proxy ARP function, 137
diagrams in network design, 404
dial-on-demand routing (DDR) networks, 502
and administrative distance, 111
in Frame Relay, 285–286, 286
in IPX, 232–233
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
defined, 504
in EIGRP, 150–154, 151–152
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM), 324
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies, 322–326, 323
Dijkstra algorithm, 159
Direct RSRB protocol, 340
directed broadcasts, 503
discontiguous subnets
defined, 97
in TCP/IP, 115–116, 115
discovery mode, 503
distance command, 112
distance-insensitive billing, 279
distance limitations for LANs, 60
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), 417–418, 504
distance-vector protocols, 503
distribute-list command, 202
distributed backbones, 74
distributed switching, 120
distribution layer in three-tier network model, 20, 21, 22–24, 24
distribution rooms, 74
DLCIs (data link connection identifiers)
defined, 503
for PVCs, 280–281
DLSw, 341–343
DMZs (demilitarized zones), 32, 361–362
DNICs (Data Network Identification Codes), 313
DNS (Domain Name Service)
defined, 503
dynamic, 249–250
documentation
in EIGRP, 149
for security, 360
for tunnels, 204
Domain Manager, 406
Domain Name Service (DNS)
defined, 503
dynamic, 249–250
domains in Windows networking, 245–246, 246
DOS (denial-of-service) attacks, 377
dotted decimal notation, 105
downtime costs in security, 363
DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 274
DSAPs (Destination Service Access Points), 503
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technologies, 322–326, 323
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer), 324
DSR (Data Set Ready) devices, 503
DSUs (Data Service Units), 503
DTE (data terminal equipment), 503
DTR (data terminal ready) circuit, 504
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm)
defined, 504
in EIGRP, 150–154, 151–152
dual backbone rings, 344–345, 345
dual DMZs, 361
dual front-end processors, 343–344, 344
dumb terminals, 334, 336
DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol), 417–418, 504
DXI (Data Exchange Interface), 504
Dynamic Domain Name Service (DDNS), 250
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. See DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT), 274
dynamic routing, 504
E
E.164 field, 504
E channels, 504
E1 circuits, 504
eBGP (external BGP) routes, 169–170
edge devices, 504
EEPROM, 505
EFCI (Explicit Forward Congestion Indication), 505
80/20 rule in three-tier network model, 26–27
802.1q standard, 70
802.10 standard, 70–71
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 148–149, 506
in AppleTalk networks, 197–198
DUAL in, 150–154, 151–152
external routes for, 157–158
in IPX, 228–229
neighbors in, 149–150, 157
real world design, 156–157
relationships with IRGP, 154–156
EIP (Ethernet Interface Processor), 505
ELAN (Emulated LAN), 505
ELAP (EtherTalk Link Access Protocol), 505
election of Browse Masters, 260
Emulated LAN (ELAN), 505
EN (end node) service in APPN, 348
encapsulation, 505
in AppleTalk networks, 203
in IPX, 221
of RSRB traffic, 340–341
of SNA traffic, 338–339
in WANs, 277–278
encryption, 505
as design consideration, 432–434
in security, 379–381
end node (EN) service in APPN, 348
end stations in three-tier network model, 26
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. SeeEIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
enterprise networks, 506
Enterprise System Connect (ESCON) connections, 336
EPROM, 506
equal-cost load balancing, 148
equipment amortization, 9
ESCON (Enterprise System Connect) connections, 336
ESF (Extended Superframe) types, 506
EtherChannel technologies, 69
Ethernet frame types in IPX, 221
Ethernet Interface Processor (EIP), 505
Ethernet networks, 506
in LANs, 57
in OSPF, 165
EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (ELAP), 505
EtherTalk protocol, 506
excess rate, 506
excessive broadcasts as network design issue, 29–30
expansion process, 506
expedited delivery, 506
expense in security, 363
Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI), 505
explorer packets
defined, 507
with dual FEPs, 345
Extended Superframe (ESF) types, 506
exterior routes, 113
external BGP (eBGP) routes, 169–170
external link advertisements, 164
external routes for EIGRP, 157–158
external security threats, 359
F
failover, automatic, 420
failure domains, 507
failure points
in physical layer, 421, 421
in ring network model, 14
in star network model, 13
fake circuit attacks, 366
fallback mechanism, 507
Fast Serial Interface Processor (FSIP), 509
fast switching, 507
in IGRP, 145, 145
in IP, 119
in IPX RIP, 217
FastEthernet Interface Processor (FEIP), 508
FastEthernet networks
defined, 507
for LANs, 57
FastPacket cells, 298
fat-clients, 318
fault tolerance
in design, 363
in NLSP, 227
FC termination types for LANs, 60
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 5, 507
in IPX, 221
in LANs, 57, 74–76, 75
in OSPF, 165
FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing), 507
feasible distance in EIGRP, 151
feasible successors in EIGRP, 151–152, 151
FECN (Forward-Explicit Congestion Notification) bits, 507
FedExNet, 43
FEIP (FastEthernet Interface Processor), 508
FEPs (front-end processors)
dual, 343–344, 344
in mainframes, 334, 335
FIB (Forwarding Information Base), 122
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 5, 507
in IPX, 221
in LANs, 57, 74–76, 75
in OSPF, 165
fiber-optic cables
vs. copper wire, 61
for LANs, 59
security risks in, 380
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 509
filters
in AppleTalk networks, 200–202
in IPX, 231
in IPX SAP, 218
in NetBIOS over IPX, 229, 230
in Windows networking, 244
FIN (finished) bits, 377
firewalls, 508
for DSL, 325
in Internet network design, 427
for security, 360–362, 361–362, 370–373
stateful-inspection, 373–375
5-4-3-2-1 rule, 67
fixed-length ATM cells, 80–81
fixed-location solutions for remote access networks, 321
flaps in OSPF, 166
flash memory, 508
flat network model, 11–12, 300
flexibility in VPNs, 386
floating-static routes, 136, 286, 286
flooding, 508
flow control, 508
flow diagrams in network design, 404
flush timers, 147
Forward-Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) bits, 507
Forwarding Information Base (FIB), 122
forwarding modes, 64
FRADs (Frame Relay access devices), 508
fragmentation, 508
fragments, 508
Frame Relay access devices (FRADs), 508
Frame Relay Access Support (FRAS), 509
Frame Relay bridging, 509
Frame Relay Forum LMI, 282
Frame Relay networks, 279–281, 281, 509
address mapping in, 283
backup interfaces in, 287
Local Management Interface in, 282, 282
nonbroadcast multiaccess in, 283–285, 284
with point-to-point subinterfaces, 285
redundancy in, 285–286, 286
RFC 1490 for, 283
for RSRB encapsulation, 340
frames
defined, 508
in IPX, 220–222, 222
FRAS (Frame Relay Access Support), 509
free-trade zones, 201
frequency, 509
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), 507
front-end processors (FEPs)
dual, 343–344, 344
in mainframes, 334, 335
FSIP (Fast Serial Interface Processor), 509
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 509
full-duplex communication, 509
full-mesh topology, 15–16, 15
in NBMA, 284
in NLSP, 227
in subinterfaces, 285
future needs in network design, 4, 29
G
Gantt charts, 402
gateways
in MacIP, 205
in mainframes, 336
in remote access, 317–318
GDP (Gateway Discovery Protocol), 113
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
in AppleTalk networks, 203–204
defined, 510
Get Nearest Server (GNS) process, 223–225, 225, 509
getzonelist-filter command, 202
GetZoneList (GZL) filters, 201–202
GetZoneList (GZL) queries, 195
GFC (Generic Flow Control) bits, 292
GigabitEthernet, 57
global domain organizations, 245
GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation)
in AppleTalk networks, 203–204
defined, 510
group addressing in SMDS, 301
guard bands, 510
GZL (GetZoneList) filters, 201–202
GZL (GetZoneList) queries, 195
H
H channels, 510
half-duplex communications, 510
handshakes, 510
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) protocol, 510
for mainframes, 338
in WANs, 278
HDSL technology, 324
HEC (Header Error Control), 293
hello messages
in EIGRP, 150
in OSPF, 158
helper addresses, 251, 510
hierarchical addressing, 106, 510
hierarchical network model, 17–21, 18, 21
access layer in, 24–25
core layer in, 21, 22
distribution layer in, 22–24, 24
guidelines for, 25–28, 26
high-capacity backbones, 5
high-density solutions for remote access networks, 321–322
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol, 510
for mainframes, 338
in WANs, 278
High-Speed Communications Interface (HSCI), 511
High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI), 511
HIP (HSSI Interface Processor), 510
hiring requirements, 402
historical data collection, 406
holddown state, 511
holddown timers, 147
honey pots, 365–366
hops and hop counts, 511
in AT EIGRP, 198
in IGRP, 144
in IPX RIP, 217
in NLSP, 226
in RIP, 140–141
in routers, 110
horizontal systems, 73
hosts
for routing protocols, 113
security for, 381–382, 403
hotelling, 252
HSCI (High-Speed Communications Interface), 511
HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol), 511
and black holes, 424–426, 424–425
for host connections, 113
for redundancy, 419–420, 420, 422
HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface), 511
HSSI Interface Processor (HIP), 510
HTTPS (Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 376
hubs
in LANs, 65
for media contention, 31
humor, Web sites for, 482
I
IARP (Inverse ARP) function
defined, 513
in Frame Relay, 283
ICD (International Code Designator), 511
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 113, 422, 511
IDSL technology, 324
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 511
IEEE 802.1 specification, 512
IEEE 802.3 protocol, 512
IEEE 802.5 protocol, 512
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol), 416–417, 512
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 512
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 141–142
convergence in, 146–147
load balancing in, 144–145, 145
relationships with EIGRP, 154–156
routing metrics in, 143–144
IGX switches, 299
IISP (Interim Inter-Switch Signaling Protocol), 297
ILMI (Interim Local Management Interface), 512
IMA (Inverse multiplexing for ATM), 288
implementation
as design goal, 9
in network design, 3, 10, 41, 401
in three-tier network model, 19
in-band management, 512
infrared links, 429
initial costs, 9
input-sap-filter command, 219
INS (Intelligent Network Server), 298
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 511
insured bursts, 512
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
defined, 514
for remote access networks, 314– 316, 321
integration in network design, 400
Intelligent Network Server (INS), 298
inter-autonomous system routing protocol, 170
Inter-Switch Link (ISL) protocol, 69–70
interarea routing, 513
interconnecting layers in three-tier network model, 25, 26
interface-level access lists, 372
interface processors for routers, 513
Interim Inter-Switch Signaling Protocol (IISP), 297
Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI), 512
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), 512
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), 141–142
convergence in, 146–147
load balancing in, 144–145, 145
relationships with EIGRP, 154–156
routing metrics in, 143–144
interior routes, 113
interior routing protocol, 173
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) protocol, 173–174
internal routers in OSPF, 160
internal security threats, 359
International Code Designator (ICD), 511
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), 515
Internet, 513
in IP and IPX, 215
network design for, 426–429
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 113, 422, 511
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), 416–417, 512
Internet protocols, 513
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
caching by, 376
security with, 372–373
internets, 513
internetwork design, 39, 396–397,513
concepts in, 397–399
methodology model for, 400–402, 401
network monitoring and management in, 406–407
overview, 399–400
process of, 402–405
review questions, 409–412
summary, 408
Internetwork Packet Exchange. See IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) protocol
internetworking, 513
interoperability
in AppleTalk networks, 206
in ATM, 85
intra-area routing, 513
Inverse ARP (IARP) function
defined, 513
in Frame Relay, 283
Inverse multiplexing for ATM (IMA), 288
IOS Firewall Feature Set, 371
IOS software
for AppleTalk networks, 199–205
defined, 497
IP (Internet Protocol)
defined, 513
vs. IPX, 214–216
IP addresses, 33, 98, 514
classes in, 98–101
vs. IPX, 215
real world design, 102
spoofing, 377
subnetting, 101–104
IP Control Protocol (IPCP), 514
IP eXchange gateway, 231–232, 232
IP FST, 340
IP helper addresses, 251
IP multicasts, 415–418, 416
defined, 514
and QoS, 418–419
IP routing protocols, 132–136
BGP, 169–173
EIGRP, 148–158, 151–152
IGRP, 141–148, 145
IS-IS, 173–174
ODR, 168, 169
OSPF, 158–167, 161, 166
review questions, 176–182
RIP, 139–141, 140–141
static routing, 136–139
summary, 174–175
IP v6, 100, 108
IPCP (IP Control Protocol), 514
IPSec, support for, 387
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) protocol, 214–216, 514
access lists in, 231
frame types in, 220–222, 222
Get Nearest Server process in, 223–225, 225
IP eXchange gateway for, 231–232, 232
with IPX EIGRP, 228–229
IPXWAN, 220
NetBIOS over IPX, 229–231, 230
with NLSP, 225–227, 227–228
review questions, 235–240
RIP, 216–218
SAP traffic in, 218–219, 223
summary, 234
watchdog spoof, 232–233, 233
IPX Control Protocol (IPXCP), 514
ipx delay command, 217
ipx link-delay command, 220
ipx maximum-paths command, 217
ipx route-cache same-interface command, 222
IPX switches, 299
ipx type-20-propagation command, 230
IPXCP (IPX Control Protocol), 514
IPXWAN protocol, 220, 514
IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System) protocol, 173–174
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
defined, 514
for remote access networks, 314–316, 321
ISL (Inter-Switch Link) protocol, 69–70
isochronous transmissions, 514
ISPs (Internet Service Providers)
caching by, 376
security with, 372–373
ITU-T (International Telecommunication
Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector), 515
ITU-T Q.933 Annex A, 282
J
job search Web sites, 481–482
K
keepalives
in IGRP, 146
in OSPF, 166
keys
in encryption, 379
in VPNs, 387
kiosk concept, 428
L
L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol), 316
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)
ISDN for, 316
in VPNs, 387
LAAs (locally administered addresses), 343
LAN Emulation Client (LEC), 81–82, 516
LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS), 83, 516
LAN Emulation Network-to-Network Interface (LNNI), 517
LAN Emulation Server (LES), 82, 516
LAN Emulation User-to-Network Interface (LUNI), 518
LAN switches, 515
LANE (LAN Emulation), 515
ATM with, 81
benefits of, 85
connection sequence in, 83, 84
for LANs, 71
LANs, 54–56, 58–59, 58, 515
bridges and switches for, 63–65, 515
cabling for, 59–62
network design in, 71–73
nodes in, 65–67
routers for, 62–63
routing and switching in, 65
technologies for, 57–58
trunking in, 67–71, 68
LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) protocol, 515
for WANs, 279
for X.25, 313
LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel) protocol, 515
laser installations, 429
LATA (local access and transport area) boundaries in OSPF, 167
latency, 515
in ATM, 80, 85, 288
in network design, 405
in routers, 63
in SNA, 339
in WANs, 275–276
Layer 2 design vs. Layer 3, 76–80, 77–78, 422–426, 423–425
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
ISDN for, 316
in VPNs, 387
Layer 3 boundaries in three-tier network model, 27–28
Layer-3 switches, 516
layers in IS-IS, 174
LCP (Link Control Protocol)
defined, 516
for ISDN, 315
LE ARP, 516
leaky buckets, 516
learning bridges, 516
lease length in DHCP, 252, 253
LEC (LAN Emulation Client), 81–82, 516
LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server), 83, 516
legal system and security, 365
LEN (low-entry networking) service, 349
LES (LAN Emulation Server), 82, 516
lifespan
of cable plants, 4
as network design issue, 29
Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) protocol, 515
for WANs, 279
for X.25, 313
Link Access Procedure on the D channel (LAPD) protocol, 515
Link Control Protocol (LCP)
defined, 516
for ISDN, 315
link failure detection in OSPF, 166
link-state advertisement (LSA) types
defined, 517
in OSPF, 163–164
link-state databases, 165
link-state routing, 517
LLAP (LocalTalk Link Access Protocol), 517
LLC (Logical Link Control)
defined, 517
in IPX, 221
LLC2 termination, 342
LMHOSTS file, 247
LMI (Local Management Interface)
defined, 517
for frame relay, 282, 282, 287
LNNI (LAN Emulation Network-to-Net-work Interface), 517
load balancing, 419–422, 420–421
in DLSw, 342–343
in EIGRP, 148, 152
in firewalls, 362
in IGRP, 144–145, 145
in IP, 118–123
in IPX RIP, 217
in network design, 404
loading metric, 143
local access and transport area (LATA) boundaries in OSPF, 167
local explorer packets, 517
Local Management Interface (LMI)
defined, 517
for frame relay, 282, 282, 287
Local-RIB process table, 172
local routers in IPX, 221
Local SRB protocol, 340
locally administered addresses (LAAs), 343
LocalTalk Link Access Protocol (LLAP), 517
LocalTalk protocol
defined, 517
MacIP for, 205
location transparency, 435
logging
in CiscoWorks, 407
in security, 364–365
Logical Link Control (LLC)
defined, 517
in IPX, 221
logical units (LUs), 335
loopback functions, 100
loopback interfaces, 343
lost productivity costs, 363
lost-route algorithm, 217
low-density solutions for remote access networks, 321
low-entry networking (LEN) service, 349
LSA (link-state advertisement) types
defined, 517
in OSPF, 163–164
LUNI (LAN Emulation User-to-Network Interface), 518
LUs (logical units), 335
M
MAC addresses, 518
MAC (Media Access Control) sublayer, 518
MAC (move, add, and change) process, 35– 36
machine names in AppleTalk networks, 193
Macintosh IP, 205, 518
mainframes, 334–337, 335
with APPN, 348–350
with DLSw, 341–343
queuing in, 345–347, 346–347
redundancy in, 343–345, 344–345
review questions, 351–356
Routing Information Field for, 337–338
with RSRB, 339–341, 339
with SDLC tunneling, 338–339
summary, 350
maintenance in network design, 41
major networks, 97
manageability
in network design, 9, 403, 406–407
in three-tier network model, 20
Management Information Base (MIB), 519
Manchester encoding, 518
MANs (metropolitan-area networks), 518
masks, 106
master domain organizations, 246, 246
Maximum Burst Size (MBS), 519
maximum bursts, 518
Maximum Cell Delay Variation (MCDV), 519
Maximum Cell Loss Ratio (MCLR), 519
Maximum Cell Transfer Delay (MCTD), 519
maximum rate, 518
maximum transfer units (MTUs)
defined, 520
in IGRP, 144
MBONE backbones, 417, 519
MBS (Maximum Burst Size), 519
MCDV (Maximum Cell Delay Variation), 519
MCLR (Maximum Cell Loss Ratio), 519
MCR (Minimum Cell Rate), 519
MCTD (Maximum Cell Transfer Delay), 519
Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer, 518
media contention
in LANs, 71
as network design issue, 31
media in LANs, 56
MEDs (multi-exit discriminators), 171, 173
memory for EIGRP routers, 156
mesh network model, 15–16, 15–16
in NBMA, 284
in NLSP, 227
in RTMP, 197
in subinterfaces, 285
Meta IP application, 250
metrics, 531
in AT EIGRP, 198
in EIGRP, 156–157
in IGRP, 143–144
in IPX RIP, 217–218
in IS-IS, 174
in routers, 110
metropolitan-area networks (MANs), 518
MIB (Management Information Base), 519
microwave installations, 429
millions of instructions per second (mips), 520
Minimum Cell Rate (MCR), 519
MIP (Multichannel Interface Processor), 519
mips (millions of instructions per second), 520
MLP (Multilink PPP), 316, 520
MMP (Multichassis Multilink PPP), 316, 520
mobile hosting in EIGRP, 154
mobile users, 320
Modeler tool, 299
modem eliminators, 520
modems
defined, 520
security risks in, 382
modular designs for scalability, 5
modulation, 520
modulo configuration in LAPB, 279
monitoring
in network design, 41, 406–407
in security, 364
tools for, 10
MOSPF (Multicast OSPF), 164, 520
move, add, and change (MAC) process, 35–36
MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM), 520
MTUs (maximum transfer units)
defined, 520
in IGRP, 144
multi-exit discriminators (MEDs), 171, 173
multi-homed AS in BGP, 170–171
multicast addresses, 521
Multicast OSPF (MOSPF), 164, 520
multicast send VCC, 521
multicasts, 82
defined, 520
IP, 415–419, 416, 514
Multichannel Interface Processor (MIP), 519
Multichassis Multilink PPP (MMP), 316, 520
multilayer switches, 521
Multilink PPP (MLP), 316, 520
multiple master domain organizations, 246, 246
multiplexing, 521
Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA), 520
N
NAK response, 521
Name Binding Protocol (NBP), 188
defined, 521
filters for, 201–202
name resolution services, 247
DNS and dynamic DNS, 249–250
LMHOSTS, 247
WINS, 248–249
names
in AppleTalk networks, 191–195, 195
caching, 244
filtering, 229, 230
in IP and IPX, 215
NAT (Network Address Translation), 374–375, 374, 521
for IP address shortages, 100
and public addresses, 108
National Terminal Numbers (NTNs), 313
natural masks, 106
NAUs (Network Addressable Units), 335
NBMA (nonbroadcast multiaccess), 283–285, 284
NBP (Name Binding Protocol), 188
defined, 521
filters for, 201–202
NBT protocol, 260, 261
NCP (NetWare Core Protocol), 216
NCP (Network Control Program), 334
neighboring routers, 521
neighbors in EIGRP, 149–150, 157
NetBEUI protocol, 256, 257, 259–260, 522
NetBIOS over IPX, 229–231, 230
NetBIOS over TCP, 256, 258, 342
NetBIOS over UDP, 256, 257
NetBIOS protocols, 256–258, 257–258, 522
NBT, 260, 261
NetBEUI, 256, 257, 259–260
NWLink, 258–259, 259
NetFlow switching, 120–121
NetID application, 250
NetView applications, 522
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), 216
NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP), 225–227, 227–228, 523
NetWare operating system, 522
Network Address Translation (NAT), 374– 375, 374, 521
for IP address shortages, 100
and public addresses, 108
Network Addressable Units (NAUs), 335
network availability, 404
network class in BGP, 170
Network Control Program (NCP), 334
network design issues, 2–4, 414
adaptability, 5
addressing, 33
bandwidth, 33–35, 34
broadcasts, 29–30
business relationships, 36–37
case management, 430–431
with clients, 41–42
configuration simplification, 35–36, 40
cost control, 6–10
encryption, 432–434
future needs, 29
future of, 434–436
Internet, 426–429
internetwork. See internetwork design
IP multicast, 415–419, 416
Layer 2 vs. Layer 3 design, 422–426, 423–425
media contention, 31
methodology, 38–41, 38–40
miscellaneous goals, 9–10
network lifespan, 29
new payloads, 35, 404
problem identification, 28
redundancy and load balancing, 419–422, 420–421
references for, 43
review questions, 46–52, 438–444
scalability, 4–5, 36
security, 31–33
summary, 44–45, 436–437
trend analysis and capacity planning, 431–432
troubleshooting considerations, 426
wireless, 429–430
network design models, 10–11
flat, 11–12
mesh, 15–16, 15–16
ring, 13–15, 13–14
star, 12–13, 12
three-tier, 17–21, 18, 21
access layer in, 24–25
core layer in, 21, 22
distribution layer in, 22–24, 24
guidelines for, 25–28, 26
two-tier, 16–17
network design technologies
LANs. See LANs
physical topologies, 73–76, 75–76
ATM in, 80–85, 84
Layer 2 vs. Layer 3, 76–80, 77–78
spanning trees, 79–80
review questions, 88–94
summary, 86–87
Network File System (NFS) protocol
defined, 522
IPX support for, 216
network interface cards (NICs), 523
network layer, 522
network lifespan as design issue, 29
network link advertisements, 164
Network Management Processor (NMP), 523
network monitoring and management
in network design, 41, 406–407
in security, 364
tools for, 10
network node (NN) service in APPN, 348
network numbers in AppleTalk addresses, 190
network requirements, 39
network response time, 404
Network Service Access Point (NSAP), 296
Network-to-Network Interface (NNI), 291, 291
network traffic
in network design, 404
in WANs, 277–279
network utilization, 404
network-visible entries (NVEs), 191
new payloads as network design issue, 35, 404
Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP), 522
Next Hop Server (NHS), 523
NFS (Network File System) protocol
defined, 522
IPX support for, 216
NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol), 522
NHS (Next Hop Server), 523
NICs (network interface cards), 523
NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol), 225–227, 227–228, 523
NMP (Network Management Processor), 523
NN (network node) service in APPN, 348
NNI (Network-to-Network Interface), 291, 291
nodes
in AppleTalk networks, 190, 194
in APPN, 348
in IPX, 216
in LANs, 65–67
in remote access networks, 319–320
in scalability, 36
nodes per broadcast domain, 66
nodes per NLSP area, 226
non-business-related network use, 432
non-stub areas, 523
nonreturn to zero (NRZ) signals, 523
nonreturn to zero inverted (NRZI) signals, 523
nontechnical solutions, 42–43
nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM), 523
Novell networks, 214
access lists, 231
with IP eXchange gateway, 231–232, 232
with IPX. See IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) protocol
with IPX EIGRP, 228–229
with NetBIOS over IPX, 229–231, 230
with NLSP, 225–227, 227–228
review questions, 235–240
summary, 234
watchdog spoof, 232–233, 233
NRZ (nonreturn to zero) signals, 523
NRZI (nonreturn to zero inverted) signals, 523
NSAP (Network Service Access Point), 296
NTNs (National Terminal Numbers), 313
NVEs (network-visible entries), 191
NVRAM (nonvolatile RAM), 523
NWLink protocol, 230, 258–259, 259
O
OAM tool, 293
OC (Optical Carrier) protocols, 523
occasional remote users, 320
on-demand routing (ODR) protocol, 115, 168, 169
100BaseT specification, 523
100BaseTX specification, 524
ones density scheme, 524
Open Shortest Path First. See OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol
Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model, 10–11
and AppleTalk networks, 186–188, 187 defined, 524
OpenView platform, 406
operating systems, resources for, 479
opportunity costs, 36
Optical Carrier (OC) protocols, 523
Optimizer tool, 299
optimum switching in IP, 120
OSI (Open System Interconnection) standards, 524
OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference model, 10–11
and AppleTalk networks, 186–188, 187
defined, 524
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol, 158–160, 524
areas in, 161–163
link-state advertisements in, 163–164
real world design, 167
route calculations in, 164–167, 166
routers in, 160–161, 161
in three-tier network model, 23
out-of-band management, 524
out-of-band signaling, 524
output-sap-filter command, 219
outside access requirements, 403
outsourcing, 27
over-simplified model, 167
oversubscribing, 277
P
Packet Internetwork Exchange (PIX), 373–375, 374–375
Packet Level Protocol (PLP), 526
Packet over SONET (PoS), 274
packet switched networks (PSNs), 528
packet switches, 525
packet switching
defined, 525
steps in, 109
Packet Switching Exchanges (PSEs), 528
packets, 110
defined, 525
in RIP, 139, 140
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 278, 525
parity checks, 525
partial-mesh topology, 15–16, 16, 525
in NBMA, 284
in NLSP, 227
in RTMP, 197
in subinterfaces, 285
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), 278, 525
passwords
in encryption, 379
for firewalls, 372
PAT (Port Address Translation), 374–375, 375
payload type (PT) bits, 292–293
payloads
in ATM adaptation layer 5, 293–294
as network design issue, 35
PCAnyWhere, 318
PCR (Peak Cell Rate)
defined, 525
in PVCs, 296
PCS (personal communications system), 429
PDCs (Primary Domain Controllers), 245
PDNs (Public Data Networks), 526
Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
defined, 525
in PVCs, 296
peak times
as bandwidth consideration, 34
in network design, 404
peer groups in DLSw, 342–343
per-destination load balancing, 122
per-packet load balancing, 122
performance
in encryption, 380
in flat network model, 12
in network design, 404
with proxy ARP function, 137
in remote access, 318
of routers, 63
in security, 363
permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), 528
in ATM, 294–296, 295
for DSL, 325
in Frame Relay, 280–281, 285
in NLSP, 227
permanent virtual paths (PVPs), 528
permit-partial-zones command, 202
personal communications system (PCS), 429
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), 526
phase one and phase two AppleTalk, 189
physical isolation for security, 381
physical layer
defined, 526
failures in, 421, 421
physical topologies, 73–76, 75–76
ATM in, 80–85, 84
Layer 2 vs. Layer 3, 76–80, 77–78
spanning trees, 79–80
physical units (PUs), 335
PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast)
for looping, 418
modes in, 417
ping command, 406
ping packets, 526
pinhole congestion, 145
PIX (Packet Internetwork Exchange), 373–375, 374–375
plesiochronous transmissions, 526
PLP (Packet Level Protocol), 526
PLUs (primary LUs), 335
PNNI (Private Network-Network Interface)
in ATM, 297
defined, 526
Point Of Presence (POP), 527
point-to-multipoint connections, 526
point-to-point connections, 527
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 527
for IPXWAN, 220
for ISDN, 315
in remote networking, 262
in WANs, 278
point-to-point subinterfaces, 285
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), 316
points of failure
in physical layer, 421, 421
in ring network model, 14
in star network model, 13
poison reverse
defined, 527
in IGRP, 142, 147
policies
acceptable use, 432
security, 360, 363–364
polling, 527
POP (Point Of Presence), 527
Port Address Translation (PAT), 374–375, 375
PortFast feature, 80, 424
ports in Frame Relay, 280
PoS (Packet over SONET), 274
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 527
for IPXWAN, 220
for ISDN, 315
in remote networking, 262
in WANs, 278
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), 316
practice exam, 446–460
predictability
as design goal, 9
in three-tier network model, 19–20
prefix routing, 106
presentation layer, 527
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 526
PRI (Primary Rate Interface)
bandwidth in, 315
defined, 527
Primary Domain Controllers (PDCs), 245
primary LUs (PLUs), 335
Priority-IDs, 163
priority queuing, 346–347, 527
private addresses in TCP/IP, 105–108, 106
private cables, security risks in, 380–381
Private Network-Network Interface (PNNI)
in ATM, 297
defined, 526
process switching, 528
in IGRP, 145, 145
in IP, 118
in IPX RIP, 217
in priority queuing, 346
project-related work, funding for, 6
PROM, 528
propagation delay, 528
propagation of routing updates, 135
protocol analyzers, 407
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
for looping, 418
modes in, 417
protocol stacks, 528
protocols, 528
in LANs, 56, 72
as network design issue, 36
provision phase in projects, 401
proxies
in MacIP, 205
in TCP/IP, 108
in Windows networking, 244
proxy ARP function, 113, 136–137
PSEs (Packet Switching Exchanges), 528
PSNs (packet switched networks), 528
PSTNs (Public Switched Telephone Networks), 261, 528
PT (payload type) bits, 292–293
PTI coding, 292
public addresses in TCP/IP, 105–109, 106
public cables, security risks in, 380
Public Data Networks (PDNs), 526
Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs), 261, 528
PUs (physical units), 335
PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 528
in ATM, 294–296, 295
for DSL, 325
in Frame Relay, 280–281, 285
in NLSP, 227
PVP tunneling, 528
PVPs (permanent virtual paths), 528
Q
QoS (quality of service)
defined, 529
design considerations for, 418–419
queues
defined, 529
in mainframes, 345–347, 346–347
quiet routing protocols, 275
R
RADIUS (Remote Access Dial-In User Service), 382
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), 529
RAS (Remote Access Server), 262
rate queues, 529
RCP (Remote Copy Protocol), 529
readdressing in NLSP, 226
real-time network analysis, 406
recurring costs, 9
redirectors, 362, 362
redistribution, 529
in EIGRP, 154, 157
in NLSP, 226
redistribution resources, 362, 362
redundancy, 529
in DHCP, 254–255
in Frame Relay, 285–286, 286
HSRP for, 419–422, 420–421
in mainframes, 343–345, 344–345
in network design, 400
in OSPF, 167
in WINS, 249
reflexive access lists, 377–378
reliability
in IGRP, 143
in WANs, 274–275
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP), 150
reliable transports, 149
reload events, 529
Remote Access Dial-In User Service (RADIUS), 382
remote access networks, 312
control in, 318–319
DSL in, 322–326, 323
ISDN in, 314–316, 321
need for, 316–317
nodes in, 319–320
remote gateways for, 317–318
review questions, 327–332
summary, 326
users in, 320–322
with X.25, 313–314
Remote Access Server (RAS), 262
Remote Copy Protocol (RCP), 529
Remote LAN (RLAN) model, 324–325
Remote Monitoring (RMON), 72–73, 406
remote networking with Windows NT, 261–262
Remote Source Route Bridging (RSRB), 339–341, 339
rendezvous points (RPs), 417
renewal traffic in DHCP, 252
repeaters, 65
reply filters, 200–201
reported distance in EIGRP, 151
Request To Send (RTS) signals, 531
requesters in business relationships, 37
requirements in network design, 39, 400, 402–403
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), 418–419
resources
in AppleTalk networks, 191
in network design, 402
Web-based, 478–482
response times in network design, 404
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), 529
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF), 418
review in network design, 3, 401
review questions
AppleTalk networks, 207–212
bonus exam, 462–476
internetwork design, 409–412
IP routing protocols, 176–182
mainframes, 351–356
network design issues, 46–52, 438–444
network design technologies, 88–94
Novell and IPX, 235–240
practice exam, 446–460
remote access networks, 327–332
security, 389–394
TCP/IP, 125–130
WANs, 305–310
Windows networking, 265–270
RFC 1490, 283
RFC 1597, 107–108
RFC 1918, 107–108
RFCs, resources for, 479, 482
RIF (Routing Information Field), 529
in DLSw, 342
for mainframes, 337–338
ring network model, 13–15, 13–14, 530
rings, 530
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 139–141, 140–141, 530
in IPX, 216–218
vs. RTMP, 196
riser cable, 61
RJ-45-style (MT-RJ) connectors, 59–60
RLAN (Remote LAN) model, 324–325
RMON (Remote Monitoring), 72–73, 406
route aggregation, 226
route maps, 171
Route Processor (RP) module, 531
route summarization, 530
in EIGRP, 153
in IP and IPX, 215
in NLSP, 227
in OSPF, 162
in three-tier network model, 23
Route Switch Module (RSM), 149–150
Route/Switch Processor (RSP), 531
routed protocols, 530
router-based firewalls, 371–372
router link advertisements, 164
router ports for media contention, 31
router-sap-filter command, 219
routers, 530
administrative distance in, 110–112
for broadcast control, 30
in EIGRP, 156
in IPX, 221
for LANs, 62–63
for MacIP, 205
in NLSP, 226
in OSPF, 160–161, 161
routing by, 109–110
for routing protocols, 135
seed, 532
in TCP/IP, 109–112
in three-tier network model, 21, 22
tools for, 406
routing and routes, 530
aggregation of, 226
in ATM, 297–298
authentication of, 403
in EIGRP, 158
in LANs, 65
in NLSP, 226
in OSPF, 164–167, 166
poisoning, 530
spoofing, 371
static, 136–139
summarizing. See route summarization
routing domains, 531
Routing Information Field (RIF), 529
in DLSw, 342
for mainframes, 337–338
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 139–141, 140–141, 530
in IPX, 216–218
vs. RTMP, 196
routing metrics, 531
in AT EIGRP, 198
in EIGRP, 156–157
in IGRP, 143–144
in IPX RIP, 217–218
in IS-IS, 174
in routers, 110
routing nodes per NLSP area, 226
routing protocols, 531
Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP), 189, 196–197
routing tables
defined, 531
in three-tier network model, 23
RP (Route Processor) module, 531
RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding), 418
RPs (rendezvous points), 417
RSM (Route Switch Module), 149–150
RSP (Route/Switch Processor), 531
RSRB (Remote Source Route Bridging), 339–341, 339
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 418–419
RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol), 189, 196–197
RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 150
RTS (Request To Send) signals, 531
S
SAA (Systems Application Architecture) gateway product, 216
SAIDs (Security Association Identifiers), 70–71
SAMBA utility, 260
sampling rates, 531
SAP (Service Access Point), 531
SAP (Service Advertising Protocol), 531
in IPX, 218–219,223
in IPX EIGRP, 228
SAR (segmentation and reassembly), 81, 85
satellite services, 429
SC termination types, 60
scalability
in AppleTalk networks, 184–185
in IP and IPX, 215
in IPX SAP, 218
in NetBIOS over IPX, 229
in network design, 4–5, 10, 399, 403
in OSPF, 167
protocol, 36
of remote gateways, 318
in remote networking, 262
in ring network model, 14
in star network model, 13
in static routing, 137
in three-tier network model, 18–19
tunnels for, 204
in WINS, 249
SCR (Sustainable Cell Rate)
defined, 532
in PVCs, 296
SDLC (Synchronous Data-Link Control) protocol
defined, 532
in WANs, 278
SDLC tunneling (STUN), 338–339
SDSL technology, 324
SDSU (SMDS Data Service Unit), 302
secondary addresses, 98
secondary interfaces for discontiguous subnets, 115–116
secondary LUs, 335
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS), 376
secure shell (SSH), 433
security, 358–359
access lists for, 376–378, 4333
accounting in, 385
authentication and authorization in, 382–385
for cable modems, 325
caching in, 376
design failures in, 367–370
designing for, 31–33, 360–370, 361–362, 402
detecting and addressing attacks, 364–367
encryption for, 379–381
firewalls for, 360–362, 361–363, 370–373
for hosts, 381–382, 403
in Internet network design, 427–428
PIX for, 373–375, 374–375
policies for, 360, 363–364
with proxy ARP function, 137
in remote networking, 262, 320
review questions, 389–394
summary, 388
threats to, 359
virtual private networks, 386–387
Security Association Identifiers (SAIDs), 70–71
seed routers, 532
segmentation and reassembly (SAR), 81, 85
Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) protocol, 535
Serial 56K in OSPF, 165
serial direct configuration, 338
Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP), 533
Serial T1 in OSPF, 165
Serial Tunnel (STUN) feature, 537
Server Message Block (SMB) services, 260
servers, 532
broadcast control at, 30
in DHCP, 254–255
disabling, 372
for IPX, 223–225, 225
Service Access Point (SAP), 531
Service Advertising Protocol (SAP), 531
in IPX, 218–219, 223
in IPX EIGRP, 228
Service Profile Identifiers (SPIDs), 535
Service-Specific Convergence Protocol (SSCOP) layer, 296
session layer, 532
SF (super frame), 532
SGBP (Stackgroup Bidding Protocol), 316
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) wiring, 537
shortest path first (SPF) algorithm
defined, 534
in OSPF, 163, 165
shortest path switchover process, 417
show command, 406
show interface command, 146
shutdown in BGP, 170
Signal Quality Error (SQE) transmission, 535
signaling packets, 532
significant bits in bit splitting, 162
silicon switching
defined, 532
in IP, 119–120
Silicon Switching Engine (SSE), 120, 536
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 533
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
for monitoring, 406
risks from, 372–373, 433
Simple Server Redundancy Protocol (SSRP), 82
single domain organizations, 245
sliding window flow control, 533
SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol), 533
small servers, disabling, 372
SMB (Server Message Block) services, 260
SMDS Data Service Unit (SDSU), 302
SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service) networks, 301–303, 533
SMDSU (SMDS Unit), 302
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 533
SNA (System Network Architecture), 335–336, 533
SNA over TCP, 342
SNAP (Sub-Network Access Protocol), 275, 290, 533
SNASw (Systems Network Architecture Switching) services, 349
SneakerNet, 43
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
for monitoring, 406
risks from, 372–373, 433
social engineering attacks, 366–367
sockets
in AppleTalk addresses, 191
defined, 533
solvability issues with tunnels, 204
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 274, 533
source-route bridging (SRB)
defined, 535
in RIF, 338
source-route translational bridging (SR/TLB), 536
source-route transparent (SRT) bridging, 535
Source Service Access Points (SSAPs), 536
SP (Switch Processor) module, 533
SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer), 534
spanning explorer packets, 534
spanning-tree algorithm (STA), 534
Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP), 534
for black holes, 424–425
in LANs, 65
in real word design, 79–80
spanning trees, 534
spans, 534
sparse-dense mode in PIM, 417
sparse mode in PIM, 417
SPF (shortest path first) algorithm
defined, 534
in OSPF, 163, 165
SPIDs (Service Profile Identifiers), 535
split horizons, 535
in IGRP, 142
in IPX RIP, 217
in NBMA, 284
splitterless hardware for DSL, 325
spoofing, 535
IP address, 377
in IPX and SPX, 232–233, 233
route, 371
spoolers, 535
SPX (Sequence Packet Exchange) protocol, 535
SQE (Signal Quality Error) transmission, 535
SR/TLB (source-route translational bridging), 536
SRB (Source-Route Bridging)
defined, 535
in RIF, 338
SRT (source-route transparent) bridging, 535
SSAPs (Source Service Access Points), 536
SSCOP (Service-Specific Convergence Protocol) layer, 296
SSCPs (system services control points), 335–336
SSEs (Silicon Switching Engines), 120, 536
SSH (secure shell), 433
SSPs (Silicon Switch Processors), 119–120
SSRP (Simple Server Redundancy Protocol), 82
ST termination types, 60
STA (spanning-tree algorithm), 534
stack-group peers, 316
Stackgroup Bidding Protocol (SGBP), 316
staffing requirements, 402
standards
in network design, 39
resources for, 479
star network model, 12–13, 12, 536
startup ranges, 536
stateful-inspection firewalls, 373–375
static routes, 536
for firewalls, 371
in network design, 136–139
statistical multiplexing, 536
Statistics agent tool, 299–300
STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module Level 1), 537
store-and-forward forwarding mode, 64, 537
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) wiring, 537
STP (Spanning-Tree Protocol), 534
for black holes, 424–425
in LANs, 65
in real word design, 79–80
StrataCom switches, 298–300
StrataSphere Network Management software, 299
structured design model, 300
stub areas, 537
stub AS in BGP, 170
stub networks, 537
stubby areas in OSPF, 160, 163
study groups, 481
STUN (Serial Tunnel) feature, 338–339, 537
Sub-Network Access Protocol (SNAP), 275, 290, 533
subarea nodes, 537
subareas, 537
subchannels, 537
subinterfaces
defined, 537
Frame Relay with, 285
subnet addresses, 537
subnet masks
defined, 97, 538
in IP and IPX, 105, 215
subnetworks, 538
discontiguous, 97, 115–116, 115
for IP addresses, 101–104
suidroot shell, 369
summarization
in EIGRP, 153
in IP and IPX, 215
in NLSP, 227
in OSPF, 162
in three-tier network model, 23
summary link advertisements, 164
super frame (SF), 532
supernets
in BGP, 170
in IP, 101
Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)
defined, 532
in PVCs, 296
SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 538
in ATM, 296, 297
in DSL, 325
in Frame Relay, 280
switch configuration tools, 406
Switch Processor (SP) module, 533
switched LANs, 538
Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) networks, 301–303, 533
Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN), 534
switched services in WANs, 273
switched virtual circuits (SVCs), 538
in ATM, 296, 297
in DSL, 325
in Frame Relay, 280
switches and switching, 538
in ATM, 298–300
for LANs, 63–65
for scalability, 5
SYNACK floods, 377
Synchronous Data-Link Control (SDLC) protocol
defined, 532
in WANs, 278
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 274, 533
synchronous transmissions, 538
Synchronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1), 537
sysgen (system generation) macro, 336–337
syslog logging, 407
System Network Architecture (SNA), 335–336, 533
Systems Application Architecture (SAA) gateway product, 216
Systems Network Architecture Switching (SNASw) services, 349
T
T1 circuits, 538
T3 circuits, 538
TACACS+ (Enhanced Terminal Access Controller Access Control System), 382–385
tag switching, 539
tagged traffic, 539
tariffs in WANs, 273
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 539
for BGP, 170
for RSRB, 340
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 96–98, 539
address assignments in, 104–105
address summarization in, 116–118
discontiguous subnets in, 115–116, 115
IP addresses in. See IP addresses
load balancing in, 118–123
for mainframes, 339
public and private addresses in, 105–109, 106
review questions, 125–130
routers in, 109–112
routing protocols for, 112–115, 115
summary, 123–124
TDM (time division multiplexing), 288, 539
TE (terminal equipment), 539
TE1 terminals, 539
technical requirements in network design, 400
technologies in network design, 399
telco, 539
telecommuters, 320
telnet command, 406
Telnet protocol, 539
disabling, 371–372
risks from, 433
10BaseT networks, 539
terminal adapters, 540
terminal emulation, 540
terminal equipment (TE), 539
terminals, ISDN, 540
TFTP, 540
theft of data, 368
thin-clients, 318
three-tier network model, 17–21, 18, 21
access layer in, 24–25
core layer in, 21, 22
distribution layer in, 22–24, 24
guidelines for, 25–28, 26
threshold for network utilization, 404
TICs (Token Ring interface couplers), 336, 344
tiered design model in StrataCom network design, 300
time-based access lists, 377–378
time division multiplexing (TDM), 288, 539
Time to Live (TTL) field, 541
token bus architecture, 540
token passing, 540
Token Ring frame types in IPX, 221
Token Ring interface couplers (TICs), 336, 344
Token Ring Interface Processor (TRIP), 541
Token Ring networks, 74, 75, 540
future of, 77
for LANs, 57
tokens, 540
topologies, physical, 73–76, 75–76
ATM in, 80–85, 84
Layer 2 vs. Layer 3, 76–80, 77–78
spanning trees, 79–80
totally stubby areas, 163
traceroute command, 406
traffic flows and traffic types
in network design, 404
in WANs, 277–279
training requirements, 402
transit AS, 170
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 539
for BGP, 170
for RSRB, 340
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. See TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
transparent bridging, 540
transport in LANs, 56
transport layer, 540
trend analysis, 406, 431–432
triggered updates, 146–147
TRIP (Token Ring Interface Processor), 541
trouble-ticket tracking, 430
troubleshooting
as design consideration, 426
in three-tier network model, 19, 23
tools for, 10, 407
tunnels, 204
Trunk Up-Down (TUD) protocol, 541
trunking in LANs, 67–71, 68
TSO, 336
TTL (Time to Live) field, 541
TUD (Trunk Up-Down) protocol, 541
tunneling architecture, 541
in AppleTalk networks, 203–204
in AURP, 199, 491
for discontiguous subnets, 115–116
in VPNs, 386
two-tier network model, 16–17
type 20 propagation, 230
U
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 541
unequal-cost load balancing, 148
UNI (User-to-Network Interface), 290
Unix systems, IPX support for, 216
unnumbered frames, 541
unreliable transports, 149
update timers, 219
updates
in AURP, 199
in NLSP, 227
UplinkFast feature, 80
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 541
User-to-Network Interface (UNI), 290
users
in remote access networks, 320–322
in scalability, 36
V
Variable Bit Rate (VBR) service
in CLP, 293
defined, 541
variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs), 97, 102, 542
in EIGRP, 148, 155–156
in OSPF, 160
variance in IGRP, 144
VBR (variable bit rate) service
in CLP, 293
defined, 541
VCCs (Virtual Channel Connections), 541
VCIs (virtual circuit identifiers), 288–289, 289–290
VDSL technology, 324
vendor requirements, 402
Versatile Interface Processor (VIP) cards, 120, 542
vertical systems, 73
video
in ATM, 85
bandwidth for, 35
VIP (Versatile Interface Processor) cards, 120, 542
VIP (Virtual IP) function, 542
Virtual Channel Connections (VCCs), 541
virtual circuit identifiers (VCIs), 288–289, 289–290
virtual circuits, 542
Virtual IP (VIP) function, 542
virtual LANs (VLANs), 55, 542
virtual links, 162
virtual path identifiers (VPIs), 288–289, 289–290
virtual private networks (VPNs)
for ISDN, 316
for remote access, 317
security in, 386–387
virtual rings, 542
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), 422
Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (VTAM) program, 334–335
VLANs (virtual LANs), 55, 542
VLSMs (variable-length subnet masks), 97, 102
in EIGRP, 148, 155–156
in OSPF, 160
voice
in ATM, 85
bandwidth for, 35
VPIs (virtual path identifiers), 288–289, 289–290
VPNs (virtual private networks)
for ISDN, 316
for remote access, 317
security in, 386–387
VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), 422
VTAM (Virtual Telecommunications Access Method) program, 334–335
W
WANs, 272–274
with ATM, 287–300, 289–291, 295, 297
costs in, 276–277
with Frame Relay, 279–287, 281–282, 284, 286
latency in, 275–276
reliability in, 274–275
resources for, 479
review questions, 305–310
with SMDS, 301–303
summary, 303–304
traffic flows and traffic types in, 277–279
watchdog spoof, 232–233, 233
Web-based resources, 478–482
windowing, 533
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), 24, 248–249
Windows networking, 242
broadcasts in, 243–244
desktop protocols for, 243–244
DHCP in, 250–256, 253
name resolution services in, 247–250
NetBIOS protocols in, 256–260, 257–259, 261
remote networking, 261–262
review questions, 265–270
summary, 262–264
workgroups and domains in, 245–246, 246
Windows NT, remote networking with, 261–262
WINS (Windows Internet Name Service), 24, 248–249
WinSock interface, 542
wireless network design, 429–430
workgroup model, 192
workgroup switching, 542
workgroups in Windows networking, 245–246, 246
workstations
broadcast control at, 30
in OSPF, 159
X
X.25 protocol
defined, 542
remote access network design with, 313–314
X.121 addresses, 313
Z
ZIP (Zone Information Protocol), 189, 200–201, 543
zip-reply-filter command, 201
ZIP storms, 543
zones
in AppleTalk networks, 191–193
defined, 543


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