service that allows you to transfer files. Trivial FTP (TFTP) is a connec-
tionless file transfer program. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a
send mail program.
Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable
network service by using acknowledgments and flow control. User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that provides low
overhead and is considered unreliable.
nectionless protocol that provides network address and routing through an
internetwork. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) finds a hardware address
from a known IP address. Reverse ARP (RARP) finds an IP address from
a known hardware address. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
provides diagnostics and unreachable messages.
1
128
192
address. A subnet address is calculated by turning all host bits off. A
broadcast address is calculated by turning all host bits on.
hosts. Make sure you can understand, by looking at the first octet,
which class of address the IP address is a member of. Once you do that,
you need to find your host bits and determine which bits are used for sub-
netting and which bits are used for host addressing. Then turn the host bits
all off to get the subnet address, and turn the bits all on to get the broad-
cast address. The valid host addresses are always the numbers between the
subnet address and the broadcast address.